Parents' Perceptions of Preschool Television

Preschool television in the United States has received acclaim from parents and communication researchers for its high quality. Some of the most popular programs in this genre are those that feature Latino themes, such as Dora the Explorer, prompting inquiry into whether there are differences between Spanish- and English-speaking families in the frequency of viewing these shows. An analysis was conducted to determine the programs available to children prior to the distribution of a survey to parents of preschool-age children to assess viewing habits focusing on shows that have Latino themes. The data reveal that Spanish-speaking families have more favorable perceptions toward television in general and desire more Latino-themed programming, whereas English-speakers are more complacent about additional shows. Further, it was found that primary language is a stronger predictor than ethnicity in determining differences in overall perceptions of the influence of television and the desire for more Latino programming.     

耐多药结核病治疗药物及潜在药物的结构和性质计算

目的：比较分析耐多药结核病（MDR-TB）临床治疗药物和潜在药物结构与性质差异，为开发新药提供参考。方法：运用密度泛函理论M06-2X/6-311+G（2d，p）方法，对噁唑烷酮类MDR-TB治疗药物利奈唑胺（Lin），临床试验药物舒特唑胺（Sut）、德帕唑胺（Del）、TBI-223（223）及新近合成化合物19c的药效构象、几何和电子结构、红外（IR）、紫外-可见（UV-Vis）、电子圆二色（ECD）谱进行计算比较，并借助概念密度泛函理论进行分子全局反应指数分析，使用药物代谢动力学平台开展成药性和ADME/Tox评估。结果：计算显示19c增加一个手性中心明显减少了药效构象，在不同溶剂环境中，五种化合物药效结构几何参数值相近，计算值与晶体参数吻合较好。极性环境使Del极性改变最大。计算红外光谱特征与实验吻合。Lin计算的紫外最大吸收波数与实验完全一致，Del紫外吸收光谱以HOMO电子向LUMO跃迁为主，其他均以HOMO向LUMO+2跃迁为主，都具有双峰曲线。Sut计算ECD峰与实验相吻合。19c、Sut和Lin静电势分布主要集中在噁唑烷酮端，而Del和223则另一端呈电势负性。五种化合物反应指数彼此数值接近。类药性评价显示Del分布系数与其他差别大，整体彼此相近。动力学参数五种化合物比较一致，但临床用药Lin的参数更优。结论：新化合物19c较MDR-TB临床治疗药物及临床试验药物具有优势，存在进一步开发的价值。     

Prognostic Stratification by Conventional Echocardiography of Patients with Aortic Stenosis: The “CAIMAN‐ECHO Score”

Background and Aim: Surgery is not recommended in asymptomatic patients with aortic stenosis (AS). However, prognosis of these patients is worse than retained. We built a simple score (named by the acronym “CAIMAN”) for stratifying asymptomatic patients with AS according to the different risk for cardiovascular events. Material and Methods: Data from 141 patients with moderate‐to‐severe AS followed up for 36 months were analyzed. The end point “outcome” was defined as death of all causes or aortic valve replacement imposed by symptoms or hospital admission for myocardial infarction and/or heart failure. The score was validated in 143 patients prospectively recruited in 2 different centers. Results: The 40 events occurred in the original cohort were associated with higher aortic transvalvular peak jet velocity, calcium score, and observed/predicted left ventricular (LV) mass ratio. Based on the hazard ratios of Cox analysis, the score was calculated as follows: calcium score 1–3 = 1 point, 4 = 6 points; transvalvular peak jet velocity ≤3.6 m/sec = 1 point, 3.6 m/sec = 3 points, observed/predicted LV mass ratio ≤110% = 1 point, >110% = 3 points. After a mean period of 28 ± 18 months, event‐free survival was 18%, 42%, 91%, and 96% in the 4 quartiles of echo score. The accuracy of the score in predicting events was 84% and 77% (P = 0.09) in the original and validation cohort, respectively. Conclusions: The CAIMAN‐ECHO score is a simple and feasible tool useful for an accurate prognostic stratification of patients with asymptomatic moderate‐to‐severe AS.     

Association between underweight and taste sensitivity in middle‐ to old‐aged nursing home residents in Sri Lanka: a cross‐sectional study

Low taste sensitivity may be one factor related to undernutrition, which is a major problem in developing countries. The purpose of this cross‐sectional study was to examine the association between underweight, one indicator of undernutrition, and taste sensitivity in middle‐ to old‐aged Sri Lankan nursing home residents. Participants were 946 residents with BMI of <25·0 from 25 nursing homes. Data were obtained on height, weight, taste sensitivity, subjective taste ability, sex, age, ethnicity, number of years in nursing homes, activities of daily living (ADL), frequency of exercise, bowel movements, smoking status, drinking status, current number of chronic diseases, number and kinds of medications used, self‐reporting questionnaire 20 (SRQ20), subjective smell ability, number of teeth present, Eichner index and flow rate of saliva. Low sensitivity to bitter taste, being male, old age, low ADL, smoking experience, drinking experience, fewer medications used and no use of medication for hypertension and diabetes were each associated with underweight (P < 0·05). In a multilevel Poisson regression model adjusted for sex, age, ADL, smoking status, drinking status, number of medications used, use of medication for hypertension and diabetes and flow rate of saliva, subjects with low sensitivity (>0·003% quinine hydrochloride dihydrate) to bitter taste had a significant 1·70 times higher prevalence ratio (95% confident interval 1·04–2·80) for underweight compared with those with high sensitivity (0·0001% quinine hydrochloride dihydrate). These results suggest that low taste sensitivity to bitter taste may be one factor related to underweight.     

质谱在蛋白质生物标志物发现中的应用策略

生物标志物是可被客观测量并能用于评价正常生物过程、病理过程及治疗反应的指标。生物标志物的发现是对其研究的第一步，其实质就是筛选出在不同的生物学状态或进程中的差异化物质。在这一阶段中，分析策略所考虑的重点是高通量化和定性(和/或半定量)性能。目前，生物标志物研究的热点已转移至蛋白质层面上。在蛋白质生物标志物的发现中，质谱以不同的策略和方式得到了广泛的应用，并仍在不断进步中。本文对蛋白质生物标志物的发现过程中常用的及新型的质谱应用策略进行了归纳阐述。     

Endotracheal involvement from atypical mycobacterium causing respiratory difficulty: Case report and literature review

Atypical mycobacterium infections often present as cervicofacial lymphadenitis in pediatric patients. Endotracheal involvement, however, is rare, and has not been previously described with imaging and photographs.An infant with natural killer T-cell deficiency was admitted with cough, rhinorrhea, and cervical lymphadenopathy. Laryngotracheobronchitis-type symptoms persisted and imaging revealed an intraluminal abnormality of the trachea. Endoscopy confirmed a mediastinal lymph node with intrusion into the tracheal lumen. Intraluminal biopsy was deferred due to concerns of airway loss. Biopsy of the associated cervical lymph node confirmed Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection. The patient was managed with antibiotics and steroids with clinical resolution of his respiratory symptoms.