200名男男性行为者HIV/STD现患率及影响因素调查

目的 评估北京市男男性行为者艾滋病与其他性传播疾病(STD)的现患率,以及兴奋剂、毒品的使用情况,了解男男性行为者行为特征及疾病感染的危险因素,为对该目标人群实施有效的行为干预措施,控制艾滋病病毒(HIV)传播提供科学依据.方法 以常规监测信息为基础寻找种子,采用滚雪球方法招募200名研究对象.通过问卷调查收集被访者人口学、行为学信息.采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)进行HIV抗体初筛检测,初筛阳性样本采用免疫印迹法(WB)进行确证检测.采用ELISA(IgG)、快速血浆反应素环状卡片试验(RPR)、梅毒螺旋体明胶颗粒凝集试验(TPPA)检测梅毒螺旋体.采集尿道及肛周拭子,采用ELISA法检测衣原体;采用涂片镜检和培养两种方法检测淋球菌.使用Epi Data 3.02软件建立数据库,对问卷及检测结果进行录入,运用SPSS 10.0进行统计学分析.结果 共招募200名男男性行为者作为研究对象,平均年龄(26.44±6.3)岁.过去一年中同性性伴数超过1个的占86.5%,20.5%有异性多性伴.该群体在发生同性性行为时普遍存在主动肛交(77.5%)与被动肛交(63.0%).21.5%的被访者承认既往曾使用过毒品.检出HIV抗体阳性13例,感染率6.5%;TPPA阳性48例,现患率24%;肛门拭子衣原体涂片阳性21例,阳性率10.5%;尿道拭子涂片衣原体阳性19例,阳性率9.5%;淋球菌尿道及肛门拭子涂片、培养阳性1例,阳性率0.5%.结论 男男性行为者行为特征导致其性病、HIV感染风险较高,需要采取有针对性的综合防治措施加以控制.     

The review process used by U.S. health care plans to evaluate new medical technology for coverage

OBJECTIVE: To examine the process and information used by medical directors (MDs) of private health plans to make medical coverage determinations for new medical technologies, and to assess the influence of plan characteristics on the process. DESIGN: Cross-sectional national survey. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred thirty-one MDs at private health plans representing 66% and 72% of the U.S. population covered by HMOs and indemnity plans, respectively. MEASUREMENTS: Actual and optimal review process, final decision authority, sources, and evidence used for technology coverage decisions. RESULTS: In 96% of plans, MDs take part in the medical policy review process for new technology. However, MDs have final authority over coverage decisions in only 27% of plans. Indemnity plans are more likely to assert that MDs should be responsible for final decisions, odds ratio (OR)=3.3 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.4, 10). Optimal sources of information on new technology were journals, medical society statements or practice guidelines, and opinions of national experts. Actual sources of information used differed from optimal ones; local experts were used more often than is considered optimal (p<.001). For-profit plans were more likely than nonprofit plans to use national experts, OR 2.5 (95% CI 1.3, 5.0), and practice guidelines, OR 5.0 (95% CI 2.5, 10). Randomized trials (94% of MDs) meta-analyses (61%), and reviews (42%) were considered the best evidence for making coverage decisions. Barriers to making optimal decisions were lack of timely evidence on effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, not legal or regulatory issues; HMO, small, and nonprofit plans were two to three times more likely to list lack of cost-effectiveness data than their counterparts (p<.05). CONCLUSIONS: Although MDs are nearly always involved in the technology evaluation process, a minority of MDs retain final authority over coverage decisions. Evidence from strong scientific research designs is the most frequently cited basis for decisions, but there is need for more timely, rigorous scientific evidence on medical interventions. How a health plan evaluates a new medical technology for coverage varies with identifiable plan characteristics. Presented in part at the 18th annual meeting of the Society of General Internal Medicine and the American Federation for Clinical Research national meeting, San Diego, Calif., May 1995. Supported in part by the Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, DC, and computational assistance from General Clinical Research Center grants 5M01RR00722 and RR0035 from the National Center for Research Resources, Bethesda, Md. This paper does not represent policy of either the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). The views expressed herein are those of the authors and no official endorsement by AHCPR or DHHS is intended or should be inferred.     

The role of baseline and post‐procedural frontal plane QRS‐T angles for cardiac risk assessment in patients with acute STEMI

Background

To our knowledge, no study so far investigated the importance of post‐procedural frontal QRS‐T angle f(QRS‐T) in ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The aim of our study was to investigate the role of baseline and post‐procedural f(QRS‐T) angles for determining high risk STEMI patients, and the success of reperfusion.

Methods

A total of 248 patients with first acute STEMI that underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) or thrombolytic therapy (TT) between 2013 and 2014 were included in this study. Baseline f(QRS‐T) angle was defined as the angle which measured from the first ECG at the time of hospital admission. Post‐procedural (QRS‐T) angle was defined according to the treatment strategy as follows: the angle which measured from the post‐PCI ECG in patients treated with pPCI; the angle which measured from the ECG taken 90 min after onset of therapy in patients treated with TT.

Results

The baseline (101.9° ± 48.0 vs. 72.1° ± 49.1, p = 0.014) and post‐procedural f(QRS‐T) angles (95.7° ± 48.1 vs. 58.1° ± 47.1, p = 0.002) were significantly higher in patients who developed in‐hospital mortality than the patients who did not develop in‐hospital mortality. Also, f(QRS‐T) angle measured at 90 min was significantly lower in patients with successful thrombolysis group compared to failed thrombolysis group (53.2° ± 42.8 vs. 77.3° ± 52.9, p = 0.033), whereas baseline f(QRS‐T) angle was similar between two groups (78.6° ± 53.4 vs. 78.9° ± 54.0, p = 0.976). Multivariate analysis showed that post‐procedural f(QRS‐T) angle ≥89.6° (odds ratio: 3.541, 95% confidence interval: 1.235–10.154, p = 0.019), but not baseline f(QRS‐T) angle, was independent predictor of in‐hospital mortality.

Conclusion

f(QRS‐T) angle may be used as a beneficial tool for determining high risk patients in acute STEMI. Unlike previous studies, we showed for the first time that that post‐procedural f(QRS‐T) can predict in‐hospital mortality and TT failure.

     

2015年2月全国突发公共卫生事件及需关注的传染病风险评估

目的评估2015年2月国内外突发公共卫生事件及需要关注的传染病风险。方法根据国内外突发公共卫生事件报告及重点传染病监测等各种资料和部门通报信息,采用专家会商法,并通过视频会议形式邀请各省(直辖市、自治区)疾病预防控制中心专家参与评估。结果预计2月份将是全年突发公共卫生事件报告数最少的月份。2015年2月,西非埃博拉出血热病例输入我国的风险依然存在,但在我国发生较大规模扩散的可能性极低;我国内地将继续出现人感染H7N9禽流感散发病例,不排除发生其他可感染人类的禽流感散发病例;近期全球多个国家及地区动物间禽流感疫情活跃;流行性感冒等呼吸道传染病将出现季节性升高;诺如病毒所致的腹泻病23月仍可能继续出现暴发疫情;猩红热疫情高于2014年同期,但较2014年12月已出现下降,学校和托幼机构陆续放假,预计病例数将会继续减少;麻疹疫情高于2014年同期,且较2014年12月继续上升,部分省份发生暴发疫情,形势不容乐观;中东呼吸综合征在沙特等地仍持续有散发病例报告,我国存在输入风险,但进一步播散的风险极低;非职业性一氧化碳中毒仍需进一步关注。结论 2015年2月我国的突发公共卫生事件及传染病疫情发生态势与往年相似,处于全年较低水平;需重点关注西非埃博拉出血热疫情,我国人感染H7N9禽流感疫情,流感,诺如病毒所致的腹泻病,同时关注猩红热、麻疹及中东呼吸综合征输入我国的风险。     

血站实验室室间质评使用试剂与检测符合率的分析

目的通过分析深圳市血液中心参与全国范围室间质评结果,了解不同室间质评项目与试剂、检测方法的关联性,便于在工作中查找存在的问题,提高检测质量。方法对澳大利亚国立血清学参比实验室(NRL)2013年第3次血清学酶联免疫检测(酶免)与核酸检测室间质评回报结果,及卫生部临检中心2013年全年血清学酶免检测室间质控评价进行汇总统计,分析与比较各检测项目试剂使用情况、各类试剂检测符合率及假阳或假阴性率。结果在NRL HBs Ag、抗-HCV、抗-HIV、抗-TP血清学检测室间质评中,包括电化学发光技术在内的A公司试剂为使用最多的国外试剂,W公司试剂为使用最多的国产试剂;W公司试剂检测HBs Ag的符合率稍高于A公司,抗-HCV检测试剂符合率最好的为O公司和W公司,其次为A公司;而在抗-HIV方面,使用量最大的是B公司和A公司,但符合率却较低。在核酸检测方面,R公司试剂的假阳或假阴性率均高于N公司试剂。在卫生部2013年第3次室间质评数据可以看出,大部分实验室对HBs Ag、抗-HCV、抗-HIV、抗-TP(特异性抗体)等项目的检测选用了X公司和W公司生产的试剂。回顾性分析检测全年HBs Ag、抗-HCV、抗-HIV的数据,抗-HIV的检测假阳性率显著高于其他3个项目。结论通过本次全国室间质评回报结果分析,获得参评单位总体检测情况的重要数据,为提高检验质量及血液安全提供数据基础,室间质评值得进一步开展。     

“教学做”一体化模式在康复治疗技术专业中的教学实践与成效评估

目的 探讨“教学做”一体化教学模式在康复治疗技术专业中的教学效果及实践成效。方法 以2012级康复专业学生共71人作为实验组,针对康复专业基础课和康复专业课中的八门主干课程实施“教学做”一体化教学模式;以2010级康复专业学生共88人作为对照组,采用传统以讲授为主的教学模式。将两组学生主干课程考核成绩、实习期综合实践能力调研反馈信息进行统计学分析。结果 实验组康复生主干课程测试成绩均高于对照组(P<0.05);综合实践能力反馈结果显示实验组与对照组学生在主动服务意识、沟通交流能力、专业技术技能、应急应变能力等方面有显著差异(P<0.05)结论“教学做”一体化教学模式突显学生学习的主体性,提高知识及技能的“迁移”能力,适时培养学生的创新意识,实现以适应岗位需求为目标的课程教学模式成效显著。     

The Diagnostic Validity and Reliability of an Internet-Based Clinical Assessment Program for Mental Disorders

Background

Internet-based assessment has the potential to assist with the diagnosis of mental health disorders and overcome the barriers associated with traditional services (eg, cost, stigma, distance). Further to existing online screening programs available, there is an opportunity to deliver more comprehensive and accurate diagnostic tools to supplement the assessment and treatment of mental health disorders.

Objective

The aim was to evaluate the diagnostic criterion validity and test-retest reliability of the electronic Psychological Assessment System (e-PASS), an online, self-report, multidisorder, clinical assessment and referral system.

Methods

Participants were 616 adults residing in Australia, recruited online, and representing prospective e-PASS users. Following e-PASS completion, 158 participants underwent a telephone-administered structured clinical interview and 39 participants repeated the e-PASS within 25 days of initial completion.

Results

With structured clinical interview results serving as the gold standard, diagnostic agreement with the e-PASS varied considerably from fair (eg, generalized anxiety disorder: κ=.37) to strong (eg, panic disorder: κ=.62). Although the e-PASS’ sensitivity also varied (0.43-0.86) the specificity was generally high (0.68-1.00). The e-PASS sensitivity generally improved when reducing the e-PASS threshold to a subclinical result. Test-retest reliability ranged from moderate (eg, specific phobia: κ=.54) to substantial (eg, bulimia nervosa: κ=.87).

Conclusions

The e-PASS produces reliable diagnostic results and performs generally well in excluding mental disorders, although at the expense of sensitivity. For screening purposes, the e-PASS subclinical result generally appears better than a clinical result as a diagnostic indicator. Further development and evaluation is needed to support the use of online diagnostic assessment programs for mental disorders.

Trial Registration

Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN121611000704998; http://www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?ID=336143 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/618r3wvOG).     

International guidelines for the management and treatment of Morquio A syndrome

Morquio A syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis IVA) is a lysosomal storage disorder associated with skeletal and joint abnormalities and significant non‐skeletal manifestations including respiratory disease, spinal cord compression, cardiac disease, impaired vision, hearing loss, and dental problems. The clinical presentation, onset, severity and progression rate of clinical manifestations of Morquio A syndrome vary widely between patients. Because of the heterogeneous and progressive nature of the disease, the management of patients with Morquio A syndrome is challenging and requires a multidisciplinary approach, involving an array of specialists. The current paper presents international guidelines for the evaluation, treatment and symptom‐based management of Morquio A syndrome. These guidelines were developed during two expert meetings by an international panel of specialists in pediatrics, genetics, orthopedics, pulmonology, cardiology, and anesthesia with extensive experience in managing Morquio A syndrome. © 2014 The Authors. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.