Enema-induced severe hyperphosphatemia in children

We report the case of a 13-year-old boy with Costello syndrome and chronic constipation who received phosphate-containing Fleet-pediatric enemas at regular intervals. The day before admission he was given four enemas for severe constipation. Within 24 h the boy had developed severe hyperphosphatemia (phosphate 17.75 mmol/L), hypertonic dehydration (sodium 171 mmol/L) and severe hypocalcemia (calcium 0.56 mmol/L). With early intervention and treatment, the child survived without sequelae. Osmotically acting hypertonic phosphate enemas may result in severe toxicity. Children with developmental delay often display bowel dysfunction and chronic constipation and are therefore high-risk patients. The accepted opinion—that these enemas are not absorbed and therefore systemically inactive—is not true. Physicians should be aware of the potentially lethal complications of this treatment, which is part of everyday clinical practice.     

Long‐Term Safety and Efficacy of Bixalomer in Hyperphosphatemic Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Not on Dialysis

Bixalomer, a metal‐free, nonabsorbable phosphate binder, is approved in Japan to treat hyperphosphatemia in dialysis patients. Bixalomer is effective and has a favorable safety profile in predialysis patients with hyperphosphatemia. This study examined the long‐term effectiveness and safety of bixalomer in predialysis patients with hyperphosphatemia. This was a 48‐week, multicenter, open‐label, phase 3 study in Japanese predialysis patients with hyperphosphatemia. Patients received bixalomer at an initial dose of 1500 mg/day, which was titrated to a maximum of 7500 mg/day depending on patients’ serum phosphorus responses to bixalomer. A total of 105 patients received bixalomer treatment, and 39 completed the study. The most common reason for discontinuation was initiation of dialysis. Mean serum phosphorus concentrations decreased from 5.15 mg/dL at baseline to 4.67 mg/dL at Week 12 and then fluctuated slightly around this level until it reached 4.58 mg/dL at Week 48. The proportion of total patients achieving the target serum phosphorus concentration (≥2.5 to <4.6 mg/dL) increased after treatment to a maximum of 66.2% at Week 20 and subsequently decreased to 51.3% by Week 48. Most adverse events (AEs) occurred in the first 12 weeks of treatment. The incidence of AEs did not increase with long‐term treatment. Common AEs reported included nasopharyngitis (29.5%), constipation (19%), and upper respiratory tract inflammation (12.4%). These findings suggest that long‐term treatment with bixalomer is effective, well tolerated, and has no new safety concerns. Bixalomer may be an alternative treatment option for the long‐term management of hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic kidney diseases.     

Effect of birth asphyxia on serum calcium levels in neonates

Serum calcium and phosphorus levels were measured at birth, 6 hours, 24 hours, and on 5th day of life in 35 neonates with birth asphyxia (one-minute Apgar score of 6 or less), and in 37 neonates without asphyxia (one-minute Apgar score of 7 or more). Infants were divided into three groups: FT-AGA (n=30, asphyxia=15), FT-IUGR (n=20, asphyxia=10) and PT-AGA (n=22, asphyxia=10). Asphyxiated infants-FT-AGA as well as FT-IUGR-had significantly lower serum calcium levels than control infants during each of the time period studied. In PT-AGA infants with asphyxia, the serum calcium was significantly low only on 5th day of life. Lack of calcium intake, and hyperphosphatemia were identified as possible risk factors for low serum calcium in asphyxiated infants. No change in serum calcium levels was found in bicarbonatetreated asphyxiated infants in comparison to those who did not receive sodium bicarbonate. In view of the high incidence of low serum calcium in asphyxiated infants, serial monitoring of serum calcium levels is recommended in these infants.     

Lower body weight and female gender: hyperphosphatemia risk factors after sodium phosphate preparations

Casais et al have reported an inverse correlation between serum phosphate and body weight after administration of sodium phosphate at a dose of 60 g.Our group has already described the relationship between body weight and hyperphosphatemia with these preparations,although our study was not quoted by Casais.We performed a pharmacokinetic study involving 13 volunteers who were divided into two groups on the basis of body weight:group Ⅰconsisting of seven women with a median weight of 60 kg and group Ⅱconsisti...     

Effect of lanthanum carbonate treatment on bone in Japanese dialysis patients with hyperphosphatemia

Lanthanum carbonate (LC), a newly developed non-calcium-containing phosphate binder, has been shown to possess high phosphate-binding capacity and safety when used for hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing dialysis. The effects of LC on bone metabolism in Japanese dialysis patients have not been investigated; therefore, we performed histomorphometric analysis on bone from dialysis patients with hyperphosphatemia. This was a prospective, open-label study in Japanese chronic kidney disease patients on dialysis, with a flexible daily dosage of 750-4500 mg to achieve target phosphorus levels of 3.5-5.5 mg/dL (1.10-1.78 mmol/L). Bone biopsy samples for histomorphometric analysis were obtained at baseline and after treatment with LC. The median bone lanthanum level increased during the LC treatment from 54.1 μg/kg at baseline to 4270.9 μg/kg at three years. After one year of treatment with LC, two cases with an initial classification of osteitis fibrosa improved toward normal bone turnover. The diagnosis of normal remained the same for up to three years. We also noted that two cases with a baseline classification of adynamic bone disease improved after one year, and was maintained for three years. Our data suggest that LC is effective not only for treating hyperphosphatemia, but also for improving renal osteodystrophy in Japanese dialysis patients.     

常规血液透析前后甲状旁腺激素水平变化分析及意义

目的：观察血液透析前后甲状旁腺激素变化,探讨常规血液透析透前与透后甲状旁腺激素变化的影响因素。方法：记录22例继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的患者常规血液透析前后甲状旁腺激素、钙、磷等变化并计算Kt/V值。结果：常规血液透析前后甲状旁腺激素、血磷变化差异有统计学意义,血钙变化差异无统计学意义。结论：常规血液透析通过纠正高磷血症可有效降低甲状旁腺激素水平,改变血液透析方式增加血磷的充分清除亦可以有效控制甲状旁腺激素水平。     

Changes in basic metabolic elements associated with the degeneration and ossification of ligamenta flava

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between levels of basic metabolic elements and degeneration and ossification of the ligamentum flavum (LF). SUBJECTS: Fourteen consecutive patients with degenerative lumbar stenosis, 11 with ossification of the thoracic ligamenta flava, and 11 control subjects. METHODS: The basic elements of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), and fluoride (F) in the specimens were measured using atomic absorption spectrometry, the phosphomolybdic blue method, and a fluoride-selected electrode. RESULTS: Ca content and the ratio of Ca/Mg in the LF specimens increased significantly in the sequence of control, degeneration, and ossification groups. Compared with values for the control group, the Zn, Mn, and Mo contents in the ossification and degeneration groups were significantly lower (P < 0.01); in contrast, Cu content was significantly higher (P < 0.01). As to F, its content in the specimens of the ossification group was much higher than those in the degeneration and control groups (P < 0.01); the F content in the ligamenta flava and sera from patients with fluorosis was also significantly higher than in those from patients without fluorosis (P < 0.01). Compared with the control group, there were no differences in the F content in serum from patients without fluorosis; however, the F content in ligamenta flava specimens from patients without fluorosis was significantly higher (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: There are trends in the contents of basic metabolic elements in the degeneration and ossification of ligamenta flava. These basic metabolic elements may play an important role in this process.     

Prognostic significance of the serum phosphorus level and its relationship with other prognostic factors in multiple myeloma

We studied the serum phosphorus (P) level of 110 patients with multiple myeloma (MM) (age range 42–83 years, median 62 years) and evaluated the relationship between that and other prognostic factors. Serum P level significantly correlated with the prognostic factors that are relevant to renal dysfunction: serum creatinine (P<0.00000001), serum β2-microglobulin (P=0.00000088), serum uric acid (P=0.0000014), and corrected serum calcium (cCa P=0.000067). Although it also correlated with the percentage of plasma cells in bone marrow nucleated cells (BMPC%) and the hemoglobin (Hb) and leukocyte counts, the significance was less than for the other four prognostic factors. Serum creatinine, BMPC%, leukocyte count, serum uric acid, bone lesions, β2-microglobulin, and serum cCa were all significantly higher and Hb significantly was lower in the MM patients with hyperphosphatemia (serum P>3.8 mg/dl). The survival time was significantly shorter in these patients (P=0.000087). Multivariate analysis (Cox’s proportional hazards regression model) showed that the serum P level is a significant negative prognostic factor in MM patients.     

碳酸镧对持续非卧床腹膜透析患者高磷血症的疗效观察

目的评价碳酸镧治疗持续非卧床腹膜透析(CAPD)患者高磷血症的有效性。方法选取维持性腹膜透析并高磷血症患者33例,随机分为2组。对照组16例,给予碳酸钙咀嚼片1片,2次/d;试验组17例,给予碳酸镧咀嚼片,根据患者的血磷水平调整碳酸镧剂量。治疗周期均为12周。结果治疗4、12周后,试验组血磷水平下降,且试验组低于对照组[(1.82±0.27)mmol/L vs.(2.31±0.28)mmol/L,(1.53±0.23)mmol/L vs.(2.27±0.26)mmol/L],两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);试验组i PTH水平下降,且试验组低于对照组[(813.68±357.69)pg/m L vs.(928.87±519.12)pg/m L,(613.79±148.35)pg/m L vs.(1 028.96±334.69)pg/m L],两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论碳酸镧可以显著降低CAPD高磷血症患者的血磷水平。