Prevalence of Hepatitis A, B, and C markers in school children of a rural area of Crete, Greece

Objective: To determine the prevalence of hepatitis A, B, and C markers in children who were attending junior and senior high schools in a high risk area in rural Crete, Greece. Methods: Three-hundred and thirty-four children who attended the three junior schools and one senior high school in the Agios Vassilios province of Southern Crete were invited to participate in the study. Three hundred and four of them were tested for hepatitis A, B, and C markers. Hepatitis B (HBV) markers (HBsAg and anti-HBc) as well as hepatitis A (anti-HAV) and hepatitis (anti-HCV) antibodies were tested with commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Results: Six of the 304 children (1.97%) were found to be positive for anti-HAV, 1 (0.33%) to HBsAg, 7 (2.30%) to anti-HBc and none were found positive for anti-HCV. No significant differences were seen between the prevalence of anti-HAV antibodies in males (2%) and females (1.95%), and of anti-HBc antibodies in males (3.33%) and females (1.30%). Conclusions: The very low prevalence of anti-HAV is obviously due to the improved conditions of hygiene and it raises the question of the possible emergence of this disease at an older age and therefore appropriate preventative strategies should be considered. The low endemicity of hepatitis B in Crete in contrast to other areas of Greece also calls for a vaccination policy probably during adolescence. The absence of hepatitis C markers in the children in contrast to the observed higher prevalence of HCV-infected people in the adult population in the same rural area raises questions regarding possible sources of transmission of hepatitis C during the preceding years.     

新生儿重组酵母乙肝疫苗接种免疫的研究

目的：探讨重组酵母乙肝疫苗新生儿接种后抗体应答持续时间，强化复种的必要性。方法：常规对新生儿0d(出生后当天)、1月、6月接种重组酵母乙肝疫苗后检测抗体应答情况，再随机分两组，一组为强化组，一组为常规组，并随访其5年的抗体应答情况。结果：新生儿常规接种法，于12个月后有一明显抗体应答下降期(0d、1月、6月、12月)，强化组乙肝表面抗体形成率高，持续时间均高于常规接种法。结论：新生儿乙肝疫苗0d、1月、6月、12月接种法有较好的远期保护效果，对现有的0d、1月、6月新生儿乙肝疫苗常规接种法，有强化接种的必要。     

原发性胆汁性肝硬化-自身免疫性肝炎重叠综合征患者的临床分析

目的了解原发性胆汁性肝硬化(PBC)-自身免疫性肝炎(AIH)重叠综合征在PBC患者中的发生率及临床特点。方法对123例PBC患者的临床及病理资料进行回顾性的分析,根据国际自身免疫性肝炎小组修订的诊断标准,筛选出6例PBC-AIH重叠综合征患者,并分析其临床及病理特点。结果123例PBC患者中有6例按国际自身免疫性肝炎小组评分诊断标准积分≥10,PBC-AIH重叠综合征在PBC患者中的发生率为4.8%;6例患者中有4例伴发其他自身免疫性疾病;6例患者的实验室检查兼具有PBC(ALP、GGT、IgM升高)及AIH(ALT、AST、IgG升高)的特点,同时伴有多钟自身抗体阳性,病理表现上有不同程度的碎屑样坏死及胆小管受累。结论PBC-AIH重叠综合征并非罕见,应根据患者的临床表现及病理特征做出及时的诊断。     

国内丙型肝炎病毒感染与肝细胞癌关系的19个病例对照研究的 Meta 分析

本文对国内１９个有关丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）感染与肝细胞癌（ＨＣＣ）关系的病例对照研究进行Ｍｅｔａ分析。经齐性检验表明，１９个研究中有１７个研究结果是一致的。对此１７个研究结果加权合并，累积ＨＣＣ病例１５７７例，ＨＣＶ感染率为２３．０％，累积对照１９８０例，ＨＣＶ感染率为４．０％；合并ＯＲ值为６．７。结果表明，国内ＨＣＶ感染与ＨＣＣ关系密切，ＨＣＶ感染是ＨＣＣ发生的一个危险因素。     

人白细胞干扰素诱导慢性乙型肝炎病人DNA损伤修复的探讨

应用不同浓度人白细胞干扰素处理10例慢性乙型肝炎病人外周血淋巴细胞,观察病人姐妹染色单体互换(SCE)频率的动力学变化.结果表明,人白细胞干扰素处理组SCE平均频率明显低于对照组,差异高度显著(P<0.01);慢性迁延性肝炎和慢性活动性肝炎处理组之间SCE平均频率无显著性差异;但人白细胞干扰素处理低浓度组SCE平均频率低于高浓度组,差异不显著(P>0.05).提示人白细胞干扰素具有诱导HBV损伤人体DNA的修复作用;大剂量人白细胞干扰素对HBV损伤人体DNA的修复未必有益.     

老年病毒性肝炎62例临床分析

本文分析62例老年病毒性肝炎。曾查感染标志者42.4%为乙型肝炎,仅1例为甲型肝炎。重症、慢性、瘀胆性分别为24.2%,25.8%,12.9%,均显著高于其他年龄组肝炎。83.9%为黄疸性,部份病例曾疑为肝外梗阻.61.3%有并发症。发生肝昏迷、上消化道大出血、原发性腹膜炎或肝肾综合征者大多病死。病死率为19.4%,远较其他年龄组肝炎高。提示老年人原因未明的不完全梗阻性黄疸宜先进行内科治疗。老年病毒性肝炎应注意加强综合治疗、预防和及时控制并发症。     

乙型和丙型肝炎病毒血清学标志与原发性肝癌关系的研究

目的：研究原发性肝齐(PHC)病人中乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)和丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)血清学标志的分布状况。方法：选择全市40家医院收治住院确诊PHC患者100例，用ELISA法进行HBsAg、抗-HBs、HBeAg、抗-HBe和抗-HBc和抗-HCV检测。结果：PHC组HBV和抗-HCV的感染率分别为89．0％和8．0％，明显高于对照组(P＜0．001)，两者的ARP(归因危险度百分比)分别为93．0％和88．0％。HBV血清学标志在PHC的分布较高的是HBsAg、抗-HBc和HBsAg、HBeAg、抗-HBc组合。协同作用分析结果显示HBsAg、抗-HCV同时阳性者的OR值为46．28，较单一指标阳性的OR为高，也高于两者单独阳性的OR值之和。结论：HBV和HCV感染均是PHC发生的主要病原学因素。HBV是肝癌发生的主要因素。     

拉米夫定预防肝移植术后乙型肝炎病毒再感染的研究

目的 探讨和评价拉米夫定预防原位肝移植术后乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）再感染的效果。方法 41例患者，术前诊断为肝炎后肝硬化（失代偿期）者22例，慢性重型肝炎并肝炎后肝硬化（失代偿期）者12例，慢性重型肝炎者7例，其中HBVDNA阳性16例。41例患者均采用背驮式原位肝移植，术前15例给予拉米夫定治疗，术后41例患者均服用拉米夫定。结果 10例患者术后出现HBV再感染，其中9例为YMDD变异毒株感染，术后1、2年的HBV再感染率分别为9．8％（4／41）、24．4％（10／41）。术前血清HBVDNA阴性者术后HBV再感染率（12．0％，3／25）明显低于HBVDNA阳性者（43．8％，7／16）。术前长期服用（超过6个月）拉米夫定者和未服用拉米夫定者术后HBV再感染率分别为66．7％、23．1％，均明显高于术前短期（未超过6个月）服用拉米夫定者（0，P〈0．05）。结论 术前服用拉米夫定可降低乙型肝炎患者肝移植后HBV再感染率，但服药时间不宜超过6个月；长期、单一的应用拉米夫定易导致病毒变异而出现耐药毒株感染。     

Association between chronic hepatitis B virus infection and diabetes among Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders

BACKGROUND: Asians have a higher prevalence of both diabetes (diabetes mellitus) and chronic hepatitis B virus infection compared to Caucasians. The aim of this study was to investigate whether hepatitis B virus infection was associated with diabetes mellitus among Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. METHODS: We reviewed the electronic medical records of 411 Asian and 424 Pacific Islanders seen at our medical centre over a 5-year period. Diabetes mellitus was defined by the presence of two or more random blood glucose levels > or =200mg/dL, an ICD-9 diagnostic code of diabetes mellitus, or use of medications for diabetes mellitus. Hepatitis B virus infection was defined by a positive HBsAg test. RESULTS: Diabetes mellitus was diagnosed in 223 of the 835 subjects (26.7%), whereas hepatitis B virus infection was diagnosed in 56 (13.8%) of the 407 subjects tested for HBsAg. Overall, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus was significantly higher in patients with hepatitis B virus than in those without hepatitis B virus (58.9% vs. 33.3%, P<0.001), and this remained significant after adjustment for potential confounding variables (OR=3.17; 95% CI, 1.58-6.35). When Asians and Pacific Islanders were analysed separately, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in patients with hepatitis B virus was significantly higher than in those without hepatitis B virus among Asians (65.0% vs. 27.5%, P<0.001) but not in Pacific Islanders (43.8% vs. 37.1%, P=0.60). Among the 390 subjects who were tested for both hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus was 29.4% in uninfected subjects, 44.4% in patients with hepatitis B virus monoinfection, 47.2% in patients with hepatitis C virus monoinfection and 85.0% in patients with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus coinfection (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Hepatitis B virus infection is strongly associated with diabetes mellitus among Asian Americans, but not in Pacific Islanders, whereas hepatitis C virus infection was associated with diabetes mellitus in both ethnic groups.     

合并乙型肝炎病毒感染的心脏移植患者的处理

目的总结合并乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染的心脏移植患者的处理体会。方法11例心脏移植患者中,10例术前合并HBV感染,1例术后5年继发HBV感染。11例患者均存在肝功能受损。给予保肝治疗后,心脏移植前肝功能明显好转。2例患者术前即开始口服环孢素A(CsA),术后长期口服CsA、硫唑嘌呤(Aza)及泼尼松(Pred)预防排斥反应;9例术后应用CsA、Aza(或霉酚酸酯)及激素预防排斥反应,并应用达利珠单抗进行免疫诱导治疗,共用达利珠单抗5剂,激素于术后1个月停用。结果11例患者中,1例于术后3个月并发肺部曲菌感染,开胸手术切除病灶,但患者最终死于爆发性肝功能衰竭;1例于术后23个月冈严重肝硬化并发顽固性低蛋白血症和腹水,行肝移植,术后恢复顺利;1例因反复发生肝功能异常,血CsA浓度极不稳定,术后1年死于急性排斥反应;7例术后随访1～3年,肝功能大多时候正常,偶有转氨酶和胆红素轻度升高,此时血CsA浓度常超出预期值,通过调整CsA的用量,同时辅以保肝治疗,肝功能均恢复正常;1例术后5年继发HBV感染,在保肝治疗的同时,给予拉米夫定抗病毒治疗,肝功能恢复正常,患者至今已存活8年。结论术前合并HBV感染并非心脏移植手术的绝对禁忌证,只要处理得当,就可行心脏移植,术后患者可长期存活。