Haptic localization and the internal representation of the hand in space

As the hand actively explores the environment, contact with an object leads to neuronal activity in the topographic maps of somatosensory cortex. However, the brain must combine this somatotopically encoded tactile information with an internal representation of the hand's location in space if it is to determine the position of the object in three-dimensional space (3-D haptic localization). To investigate the fidelity of this internal representation in human subjects, a small tactual stimulator, light enough to be worn on the subject's hand, was used to present a brief mechanical pulse (6-ms duration) to the right index finger before, during, or after a fast, visually evoked movement of the right hand. In experiment 1, subjects responded by pointing to the perceived location of the mechanical stimulus in 3-D space. Stimuli presented shortly before or during the visually evoked movement were systematically mislocalized, with the reported location of the stimulus approximately equal to the location occupied by the hand 90 ms after stimulus onset. This pattern of errors indicates a representation of the movement that fails to account for the change in the hand's location during somatosensory delays and, in some subjects, inaccurately depicts the velocity of the actual movement. In experiment 2, subjects were instructed to verbally indicate the perceived temporal relationship of the stimulus and the visually evoked movement (i.e., by reporting whether the stimulus was presented before, during, or after the movement). On average, stimuli presented in the 38-ms period before movement onset were more likely to be perceived as having occurred during rather than before the movement. Similarly, stimuli in the 145-ms period before movement termination were more likely to be perceived as having occurred after rather than during the movement. The analogous findings of experiments 1 and 2 indicate that the same inaccurate representation of dynamic hand position is used to both localize tactual stimuli in 3-D space and construct the perception of arm movement.     

永州市7167名小学生口腔卫生与龋病调查

目的摸清永州市小学生口腔卫生龋齿状况。方法采用整群抽样方法调查了永州市城区８所小学７１６７名学生。结果学生的口腔卫生较差与极差占９０．３１％,乳牙和恒牙龋患率分别为６９．３３％和４８．６８％,与１９８９年比分别上升４２．２６％、１９．１９％和５０６．２３％;乳牙龋齿好发牙为第Ⅴ、Ⅳ、恒牙龋齿好发牙为第６、７;下颌牙龋齿患病占７２．４％,上颌牙龋齿占２７．６％。结论该市口腔卫生差,龋患率呈上升趋势,提示今后应加强防治工作     

某金矿凿岩工症状自评量表调查分析

探讨局部振动对工人心理,行为功能的影响。方法 应用ＳＣＬ－９０量表及一般症状查体资料,对４０名金矿井正业凿岩机工人及其对照组２０名工人进行了调查分析。结果 与对照组比较,凿岩组工人在耳鸣,听力下降,高血压等方面有显著性意义;症状量表听各项指标均与对照组有显著差异,且在工作后１０年内易发生。结论局部振动可造成工人心理,行为功能的改变及一些症状的出现,二者又可相互作用,进一步加重对工人身心健康的危害。     

High-frequency ultrasound examination of the wrist and hand

High-frequency ultrasound (US) is an efficient, rapid and inexpensive altenative to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for investigation of diseases in the soft tissues of the wrist and hand. US allows detection of foreign bodies and the reliable identification of a variety of traumatic lesions affecting tendons, annular pulleys, ligaments, vessels and nerves. Inflammatory diseases of tendons, including acute and chronic tenosynovitis and some degenerative conditions in the wrist and hand, can also be diagnosed. In entrapment neuropathies, US is able to identify nerve shape changes and possible extrinsic space-occupying lesions that may cause nerve compression within the tunnels. In patients with localized swelling of the hand or wrist, US is able to assess the presence of an expansile lesion and to characterize its nature in most cases. The objective of this article is to review the main findings and the primary indications of US in the investigation of disorders of the hand and wrist. Received: 10 September 1998 Accepted: 24 November 1998     

Clinical observations of juvenile nonprogressive muscular atrophy localized in hand and forearm

Summary Twenty-seven patients with juvenile nonprogressive muscular atrophy localized in the hand and forearm were analyzed. The clinical characteristics were juvenile male occurrence, insidious onset, specific distribution of localized muscular atrophy and a stationary course. On electromyography, denervation voltage (or giant NMU) is found in the atrophied muscles and sometimes in contralateral nonatrophied ones. Sensory disturbance was not remarkable. Although the etiological factor was not known, strenuous exercise of arms in sports was noted frequently in the history.

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Zusammenfassung 27 Patienten mit juveniler nonprogressiver Muskelatrophie, lokalisiert an der Hand und dem Vorderarm wurden analysiert. Klinisch charakteristische Merkmale waren Vorkommen bei jungen Männern, schleichender Beginn, lokalisierter Befall der erwähnten Muskelgruppe und stationärer Verlauf nach einer anfänglichen Progression. Elektromyographisch wurde eine Denervation in den atrophischen Muskeln und manchmal in den Muskeln der kontralateralen Seite bemerkt. Sensible Ausfälle waren nicht eindrücklich. Obgleich die Ätiologie nicht klar war, wurde häufiger Gebrauch der Hand im Sport in der Krankheitsgeschichte bemerkt.

     

手十二井穴刺络放血对中风患者意识状态、心率等影响的临床观察

目的：观察手十二井穴刺络放血对中风初期患者意识状态等的影响。方法：以中风发病后3d有意识障碍的患者为观察对象，按病情分为损伤大面积、中面积、小面积3组，每组随机分为刺络组与对照组， 刺络组和对照组均进行正常治疗，仅刺络组增加井穴刺络放血。将意识状态进行量化，观察患者意识状态、血压、心率等的变化。结果：手十二井穴刺络放血可使损伤面积小的患者意识状态好转；收缩期血压上升；可使各组患者的心率加快。结论：手十二井穴刺络放血可使损伤面积小的患者意识状态好转。     

Immune deviation and the hygiene hypothesis: A review of the epidemiological evidence

The epidemiological evidence for the proposal that early life immune deviation is the principal mechanism by which microbial agents prevent the development of atopy has been reviewed. Seven criteria are proposed which should ideally be fulfilled. The majority of studies only fulfill two or three criteria. For mycobacteria, measles and respiratory viruses there are studies that demonstrate a significant increase in atopy or allergic disease. Parasite infections, which provide a strong TH2 stimulus, are associated with reduced rather than enhanced allergen sensitization. The available epidemiological evidence does not provide support for a mechanism of early life immune deviation. The principal environmental influences on atopic disease are likely to occur throughout life and involve interactions between microbes and other non-infective and lifestyle factors.     

The relationship between phalangeal bone density and vertebral deformities

Radiographic absorptiometry (RA) of the phalanges is a convenient and reliable technique for measuring bone mineral density (BMD). It needs only a radiograph of the hand, which can be sent for evaluation to a central facility, whereas other techniques require specialized equipment. We assessed the relationship between RA measurements and the presence of vertebral deformities in a population-based cohort of postmenopausal women, and to compare the results with simultaneously obtained BMD of the hip by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). A total of 389 women aged 55–84 (mean age 67.2 years, SD 8.7) were randomly selected from a large general practice. RA, DXA of the hip, and vertebral deformities in the lateral spine X-rays by vertebral morphometry were assessed. Thirty-eight women (9.8%) had severe (grade II) vertebral deformities, and their BMD at the phalanges and femoral neck was significantly lower than that of women without severe vertebral deformities. Odds ratios for the presence of severe vertebral deformities of 1.5 (95% CI: 1.1–2.1) for RA and 1.3 (95% CI: 0.9–1.9) for DXA, together with similar receiver operating characteristics curves, were found using age-adjusted logistic regression. Phalangeal BMD is related to vertebral deformities at least as closely as BMD of the femoral neck BMD. RA may therefore help to evaluate fracture risk, especially if no DXA equipment is available. Received: 21 July 1998 / Accepted: 1 July 1999     

灰毡毛忍冬的生药学研究

目的：为灰毡毛忍冬的鉴别，开发利用提供依据。方法：采用来源、性状、显微、理化对其鉴别。结果：首次系统阐明了灰毡毛忍冬的生药学理论。结论：为制订灰毡毛忍冬质量标准提供依据。     

黄亮橐吾的苯并呋喃类化合物

目的　研究黄亮橐吾根和根茎的化学成分。方法　利用硅胶、Sephadex L H- 2 0柱色谱分离等方法进行分离和纯化,根据化合物的理化常数和波谱数据鉴定其结构。结果　从黄亮橐吾的根和根茎中分离到8个化合物,分别鉴定为:泽兰素(euparin, )、6 -甲氧基泽兰素(6 - methoxy- euparin, )、2 -羟基- 4 ,5 -二甲氧基苯甲醛(4,5 -dimethoxy- 2 - hydroxybenzaldehyde, )、2 -乙酰- 5 ,6 -二甲氧基苯并呋喃(2 - acetyl- 5 ,6 - dimethyoxybenzofuran, )、对羟基苯乙酮(4- hydroxyacetophenone, )、2 - isopropenyl- 5 ,6 - dim ethoxy- 2 ,3- hydrocum aran( )、8β- hydroxy- 7(11) - erem ophilen- 12 ,8α- olide ( )、羽扇豆醇(lupeol, )。结论　8个化合物均为首次从黄亮橐吾中分离得到。主要成分为苯并呋喃类化合物,特别是化合物 和 是两个重要的成分,具有杀虫和昆虫拒食活性,这和黄亮橐吾民间用于驱虫有相关性。