胃肠道癌腹膜转移的化疗策略

腹膜转移是严重影响胃肠道癌患者预后的独立不良因素,"种子-土壤"学说被认为是解释腹膜转移的主要理论。由于腹膜转移结节初发时体积小,早期诊断尤为困难,因此,腹膜转移的风险评估就显得尤为重要。目前诊断方法已由临床病理因素逐渐向细胞学、乃至分子层面纵深发展,而包括影像组学在内的多组学整合评估,也进一步丰富了腹膜转移的精准诊断。腹膜转移可导致癌性腹水、肠梗阻及恶液质等相关并发症,是胃肠道癌治疗的难点。以系统化疗为基础、手术和腹腔热灌注化疗(HIPEC)等多种方法相结合,是胃肠道癌腹膜转移的有效治疗手段。如何富集潜在获益的腹膜转移患者,如何判定转化手术的时机,如何进一步优化现有治疗方案,特别是转化手术后的患者如何制定治疗方案等,仍需通过完善研究设计和开展前瞻性随机对照研究来解决。切实延长胃肠道癌腹膜转移患者的生存期,是持续努力的目标。     

快速康复外科理念用于胃节段切除术治疗早期胃癌的临床评价

目的探讨快速康复外科理念(ERAS)用于胃节段切除术治疗早期胃癌的临床效果。方法回顾性队列分析2017年8月至2020年11月接受胃节段切除术的87例早期胃癌患者临床资料,根据围术期是否应用ERAS理念分为ERAS组(47例,应用ERAS理念)和传统组(40例,传统外科康复理念)。采用SPSS 23.0统计分析软件,术后恢复指标、营养状况、疼痛程度、QLQ-C30量表评分以(±s)表示,独立t检验;并发症用χ²检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果ERAS组肠音恢复时间、肛门排气时间、首次排便时间、切口愈合时间、术后住院时间均比传统组短(P<0.05)。术后7 d ERAS组自评-主观全面评定量表(PG-SGA)总分、视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分比传统组低(P<0.05)。术后12周ERAS组QLQ-C30量表各维度评分均比传统组高(P<0.05)。ERAS组术后并发症总发生率为12.8%比传统组30.0%低(P<0.05)。结论ERAS理念用于胃节段切除术治疗早期胃癌可加速术后恢复进程,缓解疼痛,改善术后营养状况及生存质量,临床应用价值高。     

内镜下黏膜切除术对直径≤10 mm胃肠道神经内分泌瘤的疗效分析

目的探讨内镜下黏膜切除术(endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR)治疗直径≤10 mm胃肠道神经内分泌瘤(gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors,GI-NETs)的安全性和可靠性。方法对烟台市烟台山医院2015年2月至2019年6月40例行EMR治疗直径≤10 mm GI-NETs进行回顾性分析,评价EMR手术的安全性和可靠性。结果 40例均在内镜下以EMR术式完成,整块切除率和RO切除率达到100%,病变均局限于黏膜下层,未浸润固有肌层。术后病理分级:NET 1级(G1)35例,NET 2级(G2)5例,无NET3级(G3)病例。术中术后均无出血、穿孔等并发症。随访:1例失访,1例因其他疾病死亡,其余38例平均随访27.8个月,范围为5~46个月,均无局部复发和远处转移。结论对于分化良好的G1、G2期的直径≤10 mm GI-NETs,EMR是一种安全可靠的治疗手段。     

Paradigm shift in gastrointestinal surgery − combating sarcopenia with prehabilitation: Multimodal review of clinical and scientific data

A growing body of evidence has demonstrated the prognostic significance of sarcopenia in surgical patients as an independent predictor of postoperative complications and outcomes. These included an increased risk of total complications, major complications, re-admissions, infections, severe infections, 30 d mortality, longer hospital stay and increased hospitalization expenditures. A program to enhance recovery after surgery was meant to address these complications; however, compliance to the program since its introduction has been less than ideal. Over the last decade, the concept of prehabilitation, or “pre-surgery rehabilitation”, has been discussed. The presurgical period represents a window of opportunity to boost and optimize the health of an individual, providing a compensatory “buffer” for the imminent reduction in physiological reserve post-surgery. Initial results have been promising. We review the literature to critically review the utility of prehabilitation, not just in the clinical realm, but also in the scientific realm, with a resource management point-of-view.     

胃肠胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤诊治进展

胃肠胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤是临床少见的恶性肿瘤,主要表现为过量分泌肿瘤相关物质所引起的症状,如皮肤潮红、轻度或者中度腹泻、右心瓣膜病变、哮喘、呼吸困难等疾病。多发生于中老年患者,且女性多于男性,呈现散发特点。多数患者无特异性临床症状,难以早期发现,降低了患者生存质量。胃肠胰腺神经内分泌瘤源于神经内分泌细胞的肿瘤,可起源于不同的神经内分泌器官。近年来,伴随着医学技术的不断发展,此疾病的诊断及治疗技术得到了提高。本文针对胃肠胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤诊断及治疗进行综述,以期提高此疾病诊治水平,为后续的相关临床实践研究提供参考依据。     

Häufigkeit pathologischer Veränderungen des oberen Gastrointestinaltraktes bei Patienten vor Herzoperationen

Resümee Schwerwiegende gastroduodenale Erkrankungen sind bei fast der Hälfte aller Patienten, die sich einer Operation am offenen Herzen unterziehen müssen, auch bei Fehlen von Symptomen nachweisbar. Das erhebliche Überwiegen von Magenläsionen spricht dafür, daß die arteriosklerotisch bedingte Perfusionsminderung der Schleimhaut die entscheidende Ursache hierfür ist. Routinemäßige präoperative Ösophago-Gastro-Duodenoskopien können die nicht unerhebliche durch gastrointestinale Komplikationen bedingte postoperative Mortalität senken helfen.

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Pathological changes in the upper gastrointestinal tract in patients awaiting open heart surgery

Summary While waiting for open heart surgery, in 153 patients (104 male, 49 female, 22–76 years of age) without gastrointestinal symptoms and/or history esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy was performed. 124 patients suffered from coronary heart disease, 29 from valvular defect, aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva or tumor of the heart.In 47.1% endoscopy revealed serious abnormal findings: in 16.3% gastric ulcer, in 20.9% erosive gastritis, duodenal ulcer and erosive duodenitis in 5.2%, respectively, 1 case of gastric carcinoma, 2 of large polyps and 3 of reflux esophagitis of higher degree (totally 3.9%).In patients with coronary artery disease, the relation of erosive and ulcerous gastric lesions as compared with those of duodenal origin was 41, in patients with other cardiac diseases it was 21, respectively (p<0,001).Compared with a normal population, the incidence of pathological gastric findings was 54-fold higher in our patients, and 1.7-fold concerning duodenal lesions, respectively (p<0.001).51 patients on acethylsalicylic acid (160 mg/ die) showed pathologic findings in 41.2%, and 96 patients without ulcer-inducing therapy in 51%. Thus, low-dose Aspirin does not seem to have serious gastric side effects.The results of the study stress the necessity of routinely performed endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract in patients awaiting open heart surgery. This will lead to a lower incidence of serious gastrointestinal complications postoperatively, which are known to have a high mortality.

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Abkürzungen ASS Azetylsalizylsäure - J. Jahre - GI-Trakt Gastrointestinaltrakt