海马-杏仁核电镜改变与颞叶癫痫的关系

为研究海马 杏仁核的超微结构改变与颞叶癫痫的关系 ,对 35例颞叶癫痫病人行海马 杏仁核切除术 ,并对海马 杏仁核组织进行超微结构分析。痫灶区海马神经元以神经细胞固缩、变性为著 ,并可见有髓纤维的松解和粘连。轴索萌发出的新突出物、微管及微丝在无髓纤维上不规则排列和缠绕。神经毡内突触前终末兴奋性递质小泡增多 ,嵴消失 ,粗面内质网扩张 ,多聚核糖体解聚 ,并可见大量脂褐素及脂滴 ,星形细胞轻度水肿。提示颞叶癫痫发作不仅仅是单纯的生理生化改变所引起暂时性脑功能失调 ,其病理改变在颞叶癫痫的形成和持续状态具有重要的作用     

Neophobia and conditioned taste aversion deficits in the rat produced by undercutting temporal cortex

Adult male hooded rats with parasagittal knife-cuts between the amygdala and temporal cortex (n = 8), with electrolytic basolateral amygdala lesions (n = 8), and sham-operated controls (n = 8), were tested for neophobia and LiCl-induced aversion to a 0.1% saccharin solution in a one-bottle forced choice paradigm. Both types of lesion produced equal deficits in neophobia and conditioned aversion. It was concluded that severing the connections between the amygdala and the temporal cortex produces the same deficits as basolateral amygdala damage. Possible anatomical substrates for these effects are discussed.     

Nocturnal Paroxysmal Dystonia with Short-Lasting Attacks: Three Cases with Evidence for an Epileptic Frontal Lobe Origin of Seizures

The epileptic or nonepileptic origin of nocturnal paroxysmal dystonia (NPD) has been debated. We studied three patients with frequent attacks during non-REM sleep. During prolonged video-EEG monitoring, two patients had a convulsive seizure after a typical NPD episode and on these occasions EEG showed epileptiform discharge. In the three patients, attacks occurred repeatedly with different intensity, representing "fragments" of the same seizure. These fragments of the attack could occur periodically every 20-40 s. We postulate that short NPD attacks are actually epileptic seizures originating from the frontal lobes. The rhythmicity of the episodes may be due to rhythmic oscillation of cortical function during non-REM sleep.     

62例枕叶癫痫的临床分析

目的：分析总结枕叶癫痫的临床表现及脑电图特点以提高对其的临床诊断水平。方法：回顾性分析62例确诊为枕叶癫痫患者的临床表现及脑电图特点。结果：枕叶癫痫的发作形式有：（1）视觉症状;（2）运动症状：1）偏转发作;2）继发性全身泛化;3）偏身抽搐,偏身强直;4）部分癫痫持续状态。（3）植物神经症状。（4）复杂部分性发作伴自动症;（5）肢体麻木。脑电图特点：一侧或双侧枕叶的痫性放电,本组10例儿童期起病的枕叶癫痫,夜间发作频敏,无器质性脑损害,对抗癫痫药物治疗反应好,提示可能为儿童良性癫痫,结论：枕叶癫痫是一组较具特征的癫痫综合征,掌握临床表现及脑电图特点,常可做出正确诊断。     

利用磁共振定量测定海马结构体积

目的：应用磁共振（ＭＲＩ）测定颞叶癫痫（ＴＬＥ）患者,非ＴＬＥ患者及正常人的海马结构（ＨＦ）体积。讨论该方法在确定ＴＬＥ致痫灶中的价值。方法：用ＭＲＩ对１３例ＴＬＥ患者,１７例非ＴＬＥ患者及３７例正常人作为脑干长轴平行的倾斜冠状位扫描,ＳＥ序列Ｔ１加权像,测量ＨＦ的体积。采用正常人ＨＦ体积的正常范围及左右两侧ＨＦ体积的差值的正常范围对ＴＬＥ患者可能存在的海马硬化进行定位定侧。结果：正常人ＨＦ的体积范围：右侧为１．９５～３．６８ｃｍ＾３,左侧为１．９３～３．６１ｃｍ＾３。ＴＬＥ组有７例患者的ＨＦ体积缩小,其中２例为双侧萎缩,而非ＴＬＥ组无一例ＨＦ体积缩小。结论：利用ＭＲＩ定量测定ＨＦ技术对ＴＬＥ患者可能存在的海马萎缩（ＨＡ）的定位定侧有较高的敏感性,比目测读片敏感,能提高ＴＬＥ患者ＨＡ的检出率。     

海马萎缩与颞叶癫痫

目的　对仅有海马萎缩 (硬化 )的颞叶癫痫的诊断和手术治疗作一探讨。方法　对 2 4例病人术前进行的EEG、MRI、SPECT检查及手术治疗进行回顾性分析。结果　 2 4例病人均行前颞叶、杏仁核、前海马切除 ,其中对 3例位优势半球语言区的致痫灶作了多处软脑膜下横切术 (MST) ,术后随访 12个月以上 ,癫痫发作消失者 18例(75 % ) ,发作减少者 6例 (2 5 % ) ,无 1例出现语言障碍。结论　海马萎缩可通过MRI检查量化分析 ,手术治疗可获得满意效果。     

癫痫患者P50听觉诱发电位的研究

目的 探讨Ｐ５０在癫痫患者检测中的临床价值。方法 对２５例癫痫患者进行Ｐ５０测试,分析Ｐ５０波的潜伏明和波幅以及在不同刺激频率时Ｐ５０波幅的比率。选择年龄、性别２与患者组相匹配的２５名健康受试者对照组,结果 癫痫患者组Ｐ５３波的潜伏期较长,波幅则显著减低,其中以１８例颞叶癫痫２表现显著,７例额叶癫痫２不明显。刺激频率稍加快时,患者组Ｐ５０的波幅比率明显减小。结论Ｐ５０波的潜伏期和以应异常与颞叶功能     

胎脑顶叶 枕叶脑沟及外侧沟发育规律的研究

目的 探讨顶叶、枕叶脑沟及外侧沟的发育规律,为研究成人脑的结构和功能提供参考资料。方法 将收集到的８９具不同胎龄的标本经１０％福尔马林固定３个月后取及脑,观察顶叶、枕叶各脑沟及外侧沟的出现时间、长度及深度,并对各胎龄组脑沟的发育情况进行对比分析。结果 顶叶、枕叶脑沟出现时间差别较大,中央后沟从第５月龄开始出现,至第８月龄全部出现;顶枕沟和距状沟从第４月龄开始出现,至第６月全部出现;外侧沟出现最早,     

Parietal,temporal, and occipita projections to cortex of the superior temporal sulcus in the rhesus monkey: A retrograde tracer study

The afferent cortical connections of individual cytoarchitectonic areas within the superior temporal sucus (STS) of the rhesus monkey were studied by retrograde tracer techniques, including double tracer experiments. Rostral superior temporal polysensory (STP) cortex (area TPO-1) receives input from the rostral superior temporal gyrus (STG), cortex of the circular sulcus, and parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) (areas 35, TF, and TL). Mid-STP cortex (areas TPO-2 and -3) has input from the mid-STG, cortex of the mid-circular sulcus, caudal inferior parietal lodule (IPL), cingulate gyrus (areas, 23, 24, retrosplenial cortex), and mid-PHG (areas 28, TF, TH, and TL). Caudal STP cortex (area TPO-4) has afferent connections with the caudal STG, cortex of the cauda insula and caudal circular sulcus, caudal IPL, lower bank of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), medial parietal lobe, cingulate gyrus, and mid- and caudal PHG (areas TF, TH, TL; prostriate area). The most rostral cortex of the lower bank of the STS (areasTEa and TEm), a presumed visual association area, receives input from the rostal inferotemporal (IT) region; more cauda portions of areas TEa and TEm have afferent connections with the caudal IT region, PHG, preoccipital gyrus, and cortex of the lower bank of the IPS. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

1 This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.

     

Hypothalamic GABAA receptor blockade modulates cerebral cortical systems sensitive to acute stressors

Pharmacologic blockade of GABA binding sites in the hypothalamus elicits a pattern of physiological and behavioral arousal. The latter outcome implicates a perturbation in the neural functioning of higher brain centers. The effect that hypothalamic GABA_A receptor modulation has on the function of cerebral cortical neural substrates linked with responses to stressors was assessed using microinfusion of bicuculline methiodide (BMI) into the medial hypothalamus of freely moving, handling habituated rats. BMI led to rapid increases in frontal cortical dopamine (DA) utilization (calculated from the sum of the levels of the DA metabolites, homovanilic and dihydroxyphenylacetic acids, divided by DA levels) resembling that identified following restraint-induced stress. Also, cortical GABA_A receptor function [using chloride (Cl^–) enhancement of³H-flunitrazepam (Flu) binding as an index] was disrupted; i.e. there was a loss of typical Cl^– enhancement of³H-Flu binding in animals after BMI infusions. However, placing animals in restraint after BMI infusion reversed the effects of BMI, with both DA utilization and Cl^– facilitated³H-Flu binding similar to control basal values. Muscimol infusions in separately prepared animals did not alter either frontal cortical DA utilization or GABA_A receptor function. The present results implicate GABA in the hypothalamus as gating activity of cortical systems involved in sensation of and/or responses to stressors. These findings may have important implications for effects of autonomic arousal on neural substrates involved in mediating stress responses.