颞叶癫痫的临床特点与脑电图分析

目的：分析颞叶癫痫患的临床特点及脑电图定位的意义。方法：回顾分析92例颞叶癫痫患的脑电图。结果：左颞有癫痫样波42例，右颞有癫痫样波29例，双颞有癫痫样波21例，临床表现与癫痫样波发放部位有关，癫痫波的传导主要有容积传导和神经传导方式。结论：结合患临床表现与脑电图癫痫样波起始部位分析有助于致痫灶的定位。     

枕叶梗塞的临床、CT与视觉诱发电位分析

本文对28例枕叶梗塞病人分别进行了头颅CT及视觉诱发电位检查,结合临床分析,结果表明,枕叶梗塞临床少见,容易误诊,需要头颅CT或诱发电位检查协助诊断,且电生理阳性率优于形态学改变,可以弥补CT检查手段的不足。     

Release of endogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine from the neural and the intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary gland evoked by electrical stimulation of the pituitary stalk

A calcium-dependent release of 5-hydroxytryptamine from the neural and intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary gland has been demonstrated following electrical stimulation of the pituitary stalk with stimulation parameters thought to evoke propagated action potentials. The 5-hydroxytryptamine release from the intermediate lobe was double that from the neural lobe. The mass of the intermediate lobe of the rat is about 80% of that of the neural lobe [Holzbauer, Racké, Mann, Cooper, Cohen, Krause and Sharman (1984) J. Neural Transm. 59, 91-104]. The relatively high overflow of 5-hydroxytryptamine from the intermediate lobe agrees with immunohistochemical studies in which a larger number of 5-hydroxytryptamine fibres were seen in the intermediate lobe than in the neural lobe. The present results have demonstrated that the rat hypophysis contains neuronal 5-hydroxytryptamine. They also suggest that this amine may act as a neurotransmitter substance in the neural and intermediate lobe.     

常染色体显性遗传性枕叶癫癎临床与脑电图1家系6例报告

目的：报道常染色体显性遗传性枕叶癫痫一家系6例。方法：对先证者进行详尽的临床、脑电图(EEG)、录像脑电图(Video—EEG)、头MRA观察。结果：此家系祖孙三代6例，男性女性均有发病，患者大多为8～15岁起病，主要症状为发作性视幻觉、偏身麻木、头痛、呕吐。先证者EEG、Video—EEG、头颅MRA未见异常，家系中继发全面性强直阵挛发作患者EEG见枕颞区异常放电。结论：该家系患者的临床表现、EEG均符合枕叶癫痫诊断，并排除了颅内占位性及血管性病变。该家系符合常染色体显性遗传规律。     

胎儿端脑突触素表达和突触发育的研究

为了探讨突触素(SYN)在不同周龄阶段胎儿端脑额叶中的表达与胎儿额叶皮质突触发育的关系,本研究采用免疫组织化学方法观察突触素在不同周龄阶段胎儿额叶的表达水平,利用计算机图像分析技术测量不同周龄阶段胎儿额叶突触素表达的平均光密度;同时取材、常规电镜技术处理、透射电镜观察额叶突触发育的超微结构变化。结果显示:(1)光镜下各组均可见SYN免疫阳性产物主要表达于胎儿的额叶皮层,其表达量随周龄的增加而增强,各组间呈现显著性差异(P<0.05),其中16～24周胎儿额叶的阳性产物位于神经元的胞浆内,呈均匀的浅黄色,神经元突起内未见阳性产物;25～29周额叶的阳性产物呈黄色,在胞浆和突起内均可见,但阳性产物的量却下降;而30～39周额叶的SYN阳性产物呈棕黄色的点状或颗粒状,主要位于神经元的突起内,神经元胞浆内未见阳性产物,阳性产物的量显著增加;(2)透射电镜下19～36周胎儿大脑额叶均可见到突触样结构,随着周龄的增加,突触的数量逐渐增多,结构逐渐清晰和完整。上述结果提示SYN的表达可以反映胎儿神经系统发育的程度,SYN的表达与突触的发育是一致的;SYN在胎儿大脑额叶的表达部位经历由神经元胞浆内表达为主到神经元终末表达为主的这一过程,可能是由于SYN先是在神经元胞浆内合成,再随着神经元的发育而逐步转移到神经元突起的末梢部位。     

Sex differences in prefrontal volume with aging and Alzheimer's disease

We used volumetric magnetic resonance imaging to examine sex differences in prefrontal tissue volumes of healthy aged and patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Healthy subjects had greater total prefrontal volume than AD, and men had greater total prefrontal volume than women (ps ≤ 0.02). This was true for both gray and white matter volumes. There were no interactions between group and sex for total prefrontal volume. An exploratory analysis of each group suggested that sex differences in both gray and white matter in healthy aging are not sustained in AD.     

Dopaminergic agents differentially alter β-endorphin processing patterns in the rat pituitary neurointermediate lobe

We have established the content and molecular species of immunoreactive β-endorphin (ir-β-END) and immunoreactive N-acetyl-endorphin (ir-Nac-END) in rat neurointermediate lobe by specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) and high-performance liquid chromatography after chronic administration of dopamine (DA) agonists and antagonists. The DA agonist, bromocriptine, reduces tissue levels of all major immunoreactive species, in particular the C-terminally shortened N-acetylated forms. The DA antagonist, haloperidol, proportionally increases all immunoreactive forms, except Nac-β-END_1–27, thus altering the relative abundance of this species. These data indicate that DA is involved in the control of both tissue levels and processing of β-END-like peptides in the rat neurointermediate lobe.     

The orbitofrontal cortex: Neuronal activity in the behaving monkey

Summary Single unit recording of neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex of the alert rhesus monkey was used to investigate responses to sensory stimulation. 32.4% of the neurons had visual responses that had typical latencies of 100–200 ms, and 9.4% responded to gustatory inputs. Most neurons were selective, in that they responded consistently to some stimuli such as foods or aversive objects, but not to others. In a number of cases the neurons responded selectively to particular foods or aversive stimuli. However, this high selectivity could not be explained by simple sensory features of the stimulus, since the responses of some neurons could be readily reversed if the meaning of the stimulus (i.e. whether it was food or aversive) was changed, even though its physical appearance remained identical. Further, some bimodal neurons received convergent visual and gustatory inputs, with matching selectivity for the same stimulus in both modalities, again suggesting that an explanation in terms of simple sensory features is inadequate.Neurons were also studied during the performance of tasks known to be disrupted by orbitofrontal lesions, including a go/no go visual discrimination task and its reversal. 8.6% of neurons had differential responses to the two discriminative stimuli in the task, one of which indicated that reward was available and the other saline. Reversing the meaning of the two stimuli showed that whereas some differential units were closely linked to the sensory features of the stimuli, and some to their behavioural significance, others were conditional, in that they would only respond if a particular stimulus was present, and if it was the one being currently rewarded. Other neurons had activity related to the outcome of the animal's response, with some indicating that reinforcement had been received and others, that an error had been made and that a reversal was required.Thus, neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex possess highly coded information about which stimuli are present, as well as information about the consequences of the animal's own responses. It is suggested that together they may constitute a neuronal mechanism for determining whether particular visual stimuli continue to be associated with reinforcement, as well as providing for the modification of the animal's behavioural responses to such stimuli when those responses are no longer appropriate.     

Activation of the human posterior parietal cortex by median nerve stimulation

We recorded somatosensory evoked magnetic fields from ten healthy, right-handed subjects with a 122-channel whole-scalp SQUID magnetometer. The stimuli, exceeding the motor threshold, were delivered alternately to the left and right median nerves at the wrists, with interstimulus intervals of 1, 3, and 5 s. The first responses, peaking around 20 and 35 ms, were explained by activation of the contralateral primary somatosensory cortex (SI) hand area. All subjects showed additional deflections which peaked after 85 ms; the source locations agreed with the sites of the secondary somatosensory cortices (SII) in both hemispheres. The SII responses were typically stronger in the left than the right hemisphere. All subjects had an additional source, not previously reported in human evoked response data, in the contralateral parietal cortex. This source was posterior and medial to the SI hand area, and evidently in the wall of the postcentral sulcus. It was most active at 70–110 ms.     

海马-杏仁核电镜改变与颞叶癫痫的关系

为研究海马 杏仁核的超微结构改变与颞叶癫痫的关系 ,对 35例颞叶癫痫病人行海马 杏仁核切除术 ,并对海马 杏仁核组织进行超微结构分析。痫灶区海马神经元以神经细胞固缩、变性为著 ,并可见有髓纤维的松解和粘连。轴索萌发出的新突出物、微管及微丝在无髓纤维上不规则排列和缠绕。神经毡内突触前终末兴奋性递质小泡增多 ,嵴消失 ,粗面内质网扩张 ,多聚核糖体解聚 ,并可见大量脂褐素及脂滴 ,星形细胞轻度水肿。提示颞叶癫痫发作不仅仅是单纯的生理生化改变所引起暂时性脑功能失调 ,其病理改变在颞叶癫痫的形成和持续状态具有重要的作用