Diagnosis of squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung by sputum cytology: with special reference to correlation of diagnostic accuracy with size and proximal extent of resected tumor

Sputum cytology was performed in 179 cases of squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung; 134 cases were diagnosed as positive. There were no significant differences in diagnostic accuracy of sputum cytology between tumors sizes. In cases with tumors extending proximally into the main, lobar, or segmental bronchi, the diagnostic accuracy of sputum cytology was significantly higher than in cases where the proximal invasion of tumor was limited to the peripheral bronchi. In cases with tumors 3 cm or less in diameter, when tumors extended proximally into main, lobar, or segmental bronchi, the diagnostic accuracy of sputum cytology was significantly higher than in cases with tumors extending proximally into subsegmental or subsubsegmental bronchi. In peripherally located squamous-cell carcinoma, in cases in which the tumor arose in subsegmental or subsubsegmental bronchi, carcinoma could be detected by sputum cytology even when it was roentgenographically occult.     

Paratesticular congenital malignant rhabdoid tumor diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration cytology. a case report

We report the FNA features of a congenital malignant extrarenal rhabdoid tumor (MERT) located in the right paratesticular area of a newborn full-term boy (39 wk gestation), with disseminated metastases in the liver and right parietal region. The diagnosis was suggested two days after birth by fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of the parietal mass, which demonstrated an atypical large cell proliferation with vesicular nuclei, prominent nucleoli, and abundant cytoplasm exhibiting paranuclear dense inclusions. The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathologic and immunohistochemical examination of the primary paratesticular tumor. To the best of our knowledge, this is the third MERT reported in the paratesticular region, one of the few congenital extrarenal non-central nervous system cases, and the third congenital case (renal or extrarenal) primarily diagnosed by FNAB. We emphasize the characteristic cytologic features of a congenital rhabdoid tumor, which must be known by pathologists because of the clinical and prognostic implications. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;30:46-50.     

The utility of ancillary studies in pediatric FNA cytology.

We evaluated the diagnostic contribution of adjunct studies performed on aspirated material in the work-up of pediatric fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies. Ancillary studies were performed on 54 of 136 (39.7%) pediatric FNA biopsies during a 5-year period. In 23 (16.9%) cases, immunocytochemical (ICC) studies, consisting of immunoperoxidase staining of direct smears and/or cell blocks or flow cytometric immunophenotyping, were performed. The studies were adequate in 14 cases (60.9%), suboptimal in five cases (21.7%), and inadequate in four cases (17.4%). Of the adequate and suboptimal cases, the ICC data helped to narrow the differential diagnosis or classify the disease process in eight cases (42.1%), confirmed cytologic impression in nine cases (47.4%), and gave contradictory results in two cases (10.5%). Adequate material for electron microscopy (EM) was obtained in 14/19 cases (73.7%). Ultrastructural studies were diagnostic, or helped classify the disease process in five cases (35.7%), confirmed the cytologic impression in four cases (28.6%), helped exclude diagnostic considerations in three cases (21.4%), and were judged to be non-contributory in two cases (14.3%). Cytogenetic studies revealed six of seven cases (all neoplasms) to have abnormal karyotypes. Special stains for organisms performed on smears from 25 cases including Ziehl-Neelsen, Gomori methenamine silver (GMS), Gram, and Warthin-Starry (WS) were negative except for 1/16 GMS and 4/9 Gram stains. In summary, we found that with appropriate case selection, ancillary studies performed on aspirated material can provide useful information in pediatric FNA cytology.     

Two unusual benign lesions of the neck masquerading as malignancy on fine-needle aspiration cytology

Two cases of unusual benign tumors of the neck are described, both of which were initially misdiagnosed on cytology as carcinomas. Fine-needle aspiration findings in each case demonstrated a pleomorphic population of cells including bizarre multi-nucleated giant cells, the latter raising the false impression of malignancy. However, on review the cytological appearances of the tumors, a pleomorphic lipoma and a carotid body tumor, were characteristic. the correct diagnosis in each case would have been made or suggested if the pathologist had been familiar with the cytologic features characteristic of the lesion and the differential diagnosis of the head and neck tumors. in addition, the point is made that adequate clinical information is essential for the pathologist if all relevant conditions are not to be missed in the differential diagnosis.     

Primary pulmonary adenoid cystic carcinoma: report of a case diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration cytology

Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lower respiratory tract is an uncommon tumor that can arise in the mainstem bronchus and often presents as an endobronchial mass lesion causing bronchial obstruction with post obstructive atelectasis and pneumonia. Exfoliative cytology is seldom useful in the diagnosis of primary bronchial adenoid cystic carcinoma, because these neoplasms usually have a submucosal location with often intact mucosa. Since most endobronchial adenoid cystic carcinomas are endoscopically visible, bronchoscope-guided fine-needle aspiration constitutes an excellent approach to establish a pathologic diagnosis. The fine-needle aspiration cytology of primary pulmonary adenoid cystic carcinoma has been rarely described. We report a case of primary adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lung having characteristic cytologic features and correlate with computed tomography, bronchoscopic, and histological findings. Bronchoscope-guided aspiration cytology provided a conclusive diagnosis of adenoid cystic carcinoma, which was further corroborated by histology in the pneumonectomy specimen. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;30:51-56.     

Adenosine triphosphate treatment for meconium aspiration-induced pulmonary hypertension in pigs

To investigate the pulmonary haemodynamic effects of meconium aspiration and subsequent adenosine triphosphate (ATP) treatment, 12 anaesthetized and ventilated pigs (wt 24-28 kg) received either ATP or an equal volume of saline into the right heart in doses of 0.02 to 0.80 lmol kg^-1 min^?1 after intratracheal administration of 2 mL kg^?1 of human meconium. Meconium instillation induced significant increases in pulmonary vascular pressures and total and postarterial resistances calculated from pulmonary artery occlusion studies, but did not affect the systemic haemodynamics, except for a fall in heart rate and increase in central venous pressure. Infusion of ATP at the lowest doses (0.02 and 0.08 µmol kg^?1 min^?1) selectively decreased the pulmonary arterial pressure and vascular resistance and at 0.32 and 0.80 µmol kg^?1 min^?1 reduced both the pulmonary and systemic resistances. In the lung circulation the increasing doses of ATP reduced preferably the arterial, but also the postarterial resistance. Withdrawal of ATP infusion led to a significant rebound effect especially in the postarterial segment of the lung circulation. Meconium aspiration thus induces an acute, predominantly postarterial obstruction in the lung circulation and infusion of ATP at low doses selectively dilates the pulmonary vascular bed and may help to preclude elevation of capillary pressures in meconium aspiration-induced pulmonary hypertension.     

Fine-needle aspiration cytology of lobular carcinoma in situ

Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) plays a key role in the preoperative diagnosis of breast carcinoma but is less reliable in the diagnosis of in situ lesions. The objective of the present study was to investigate the cytological features of lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), regarding which little data is available to date. Cytological features of FNAC of the breast from 21 patients with histology-proven LCIS were described and compared with surgical specimens. Aspirates from 8/21 cases had cell groups diagnostic for or compatible with LCIS. Aspirates from an additional two cases demonstrated hypercellular, dissociated, and more pleomorphic tumor cells, which were originally diagnosed as invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). The remaining 11 aspirates were diagnosed as benign or nondiagnostic. FNAC from the eight diagnostic specimens were characterized by loosely cohesive cell groups composed of uniform cells with occasional intracytoplasmic lumina, slightly irregular and eccentric nuclei. We conclude that the main difficulty in diagnosing LCIS by FNAC is sampling rather than recognition of the lesions. However, one should be aware of the cytological features of LCIS in order to reach a correct diagnosis. There are no reliable cytological criteria that help in differentiating pleomorphic and dissociated LCIS from ILC.     

Utility of fine-needle aspiration in the diagnosis of primary osteosarcoma

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is a reliable, safe, and cost-effective procedure with a well-established role in the diagnosis of various solid tissue neoplasms. The role of FNA in the diagnosis of primary bone tumors, including osteosarcoma (OGS), is controversial and has yet to be established. We reviewed our experience with the use of FNA as a diagnostic technique over the past 8 yr at our institution. Diagnosis was conclusive in 26 (65%) of 40 patients, 18 of whom went to neoadjuvant therapy and/or resection based solely on the FNA interpretation of either "high grade sarcoma" or "osteosarcoma." Of the remaining 14 (25%) patients, 12 had inconclusive diagnosis and two (5%) were false-negatives. An inconclusive diagnosis was most likely to be an inadequate or paucicellular aspirate, seen in six (15%) patients. An additional six patients had variants of osteosarcoma (four chondroid, one "giant cell rich," one parosteal) that made definitive diagnosis impossible. The two that were incorrectly classified were diagnosed as fracture callus and plasmacytoma. FNA is an accurate and cost-effective tool for the initial diagnosis of primary osteosarcoma with a sensitivity of 65% and accuracy of 95%. Inconclusive diagnoses are likely to be due to insufficient sample cellularity or the presence of OGS variant. In our experience, FNA is sufficient to provide the diagnosis of OGS prior to definitive treatment when interpreted in conjunction with imaging studies and clinical findings. In those cases where FNA fails to yield a diagnostic sample, a traditional biopsy can be performed.     

Diagnosis of retinoblastoma by fine-needle aspiration and aqueous cytology

This article reports the cytodiagnosis of three cases of retinoblastoma in children aged 1.5, 2.5, and 5 yr. Two of them were diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration cytology of the primary tumor and one by aqueous cytology. The tumor cells were usually round to oval, small and uniform, with scanty cytoplasm; they generally occurred in closely packed clusters of variable sizes. We discuss the differential diagnosis of retinoblastoma with other round-cell tumors of childhood involving the orbit.     

Fine-needle aspiration biopsy: Pitfalls in the diagnosis of spindle-cell lesions

Seven cases of spindle-cell proliferations in which fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) did not correlate with subsequent histology are presented. Three cases were considered low-grade sarcoma, one a dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP), one a spindle-cell tumor with malignancy not excluded, and one a rhab-domyosarcoma vs. a fibrosarcoma. Two of the these three were histologically nodular fasciitis and one an inflammatory pseudotumor. Two cases were diagnosed cytologically as fibromatosis or nodular fasciitis (NF). One of these histologically was an intramuscular hemangioma, the other a DESP. The last two cases were diagnosed by FNAB as spindle-cell lesion, undetermined if benign or malignant, and malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH). Histologically both of these case were leiomyosarcoma. The cyto-logic features of each case, differential diagnosis, and potential pitfalls are discussed. In the evaluation of FNAB smears dominated by spindle cells, cellullarity, individual cells and cell patterns,and background stromal features coupled with a precise clinical history may allow a narrow differential diagnosis with a focus on whether the lesion is benign or malignant. Caution is warranted in the exact classification of spindle-cell tumors from FNAB as this may have a major impact on patient management. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.