精神分裂症患者的脑结构及其认知功能损害

精神分裂症患者的脑结构变异与认知功能损害有密切关系。以脑病理学为依据，在临床研究基础上，分别探讨了精神分裂症患者的脑结构变异、认知功能损害及两者之间的关系。最后，对广为应用的言语流畅性测验在精神分裂症评测上的作用作了分析，旨在深入理解该病的病理机制，有利于精神分裂症的临床预防与治疗。     

Psychological Correlates of Nonspecific Skin Conductance Responses

Previous research has indicated that the frequency of skin conductance responses without external stimulation or motor activity is a reliable indicator of psychophysiological states and traits. Some authors have suggested that cognitions elicit nonspecific skin conductance responses. These cognitions may resemble the stimuli that evoke a specific skin conductance response. In a within subjects design (n = 31 graduate students) the onset of nonspecific skin conductance responses triggered a signal for the subject to rate cognitions on several indices. These ratings ("absent" to "fully present") were compared with samples in the absence of phasic electrodermal activity. The subjects' current concerns, negative emotion, subjective arousal, and inner speech were rated to be significantly more intense at the time of nonspecific skin conductance responses compared to electrodermal nonresponding periods. Cognitive processes seem to be concomitants of nonspecific skin conductance responses.     

Cognitive ability and academic achievement in the Colorado Adoption Project: A multivariate genetic analysis of parent-offspring and sibling data

To test the hypothesis that the etiology of covariation among measures of cognitive ability and academic achievement is due at least in part to shared genetic influences, data from 198 adoptive and 220 nonadoptive families participating in the Colorado Adoption Project were subjected to multivariate behavioral genetic analyses. Data on measures of cognitive ability (verbal comprehension and perceptual organization) and academic achievement (reading recognition and mathematics achievement) from related and unrelated sibling pairs tested at age 7, as well as from adoptive and nonadoptive parents, were analyzed. Phenotypic analyses confirmed previous findings of moderate correlations among measures of cognitive ability and achievement, averaging about .35. Although 54% of the covariation between reading and mathematics achievement was due to influences shared with verbal ability, a significant proportion of this covariation was independent of the cognitive ability measures. Heritabilities for the various measures were moderate, ranging from .21 to .37. Moreover, genetic influences accounted for 33–64% of their phenotypic covariation; for example, 33–60% of the observed correlations between verbal comprehension and the achievement measures, 64% of those between perceptual organization and the achievement measures, and 63% of that between reading recognition and mathematics achievement were due to shared genetic influences. Similar to the results of the phenotypic analysis, nearly half of the genetic covariance between reading and mathematics achievement was independent of cognitive ability. Their remaining covariance was due primarily to nonshared environmental influences.     

戴维斯在线认知问卷在538名医学生中的试用

目的:建立戴维斯在线认知问卷中文版,并测试其信度和效度。方法:538名学生完成了戴维斯在线认知问卷,统计分析量表的信度和效度,并进行验证性因子分析。结果:戴维斯在线认知问卷中文版内部一致性系数为0.937,重测信度为0.905;验证性因子分析表明,各条目对4个一阶因子的标准负荷系数在0.423~0.814之间,4个一阶因子对上一级潜在因子的标准负荷系数在0.741~0.971之间;整体模式的适配度指标均符合心理测量学要求(RMSEA=0.012,GFI=0.943,NFI=0.931,CFI=0.994)。结论:戴维斯在线认知问卷中文版具有良好的信度和效度,可以作为一种较好的网络成瘾程度评价工具在我国青少年中使用。     

A Developmental Event-Related Potential Study of Picture Matching in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: A Replication and Extension

Event-related potentials were recorded in a developmental study of picture matching using an adaptation of Posner's (1978) letter-matching tasks. Subjects ranging in age from 6-39 were asked to decide whether two line drawings, presented sequentially, were the same or different on the basis of physical (physical identity), nominal (name identity), or categorical (category identity) criteria. The amplitude of a negativity at 400 ms (Neg400) increased as the number of dimensions on which the two line drawings differed increased. This effect held for all age groups, and was interpreted as reflecting the degree of semantic and/or physical relationship between the two pictures. However, one finding for Neg400 did suggest a qualitative difference in processing mode between the younger and older subjects. Both Neg400 and P3b latencies showed highly significant linear age trends, decreasing with increasing age. These age-related changes were interpreted as demonstrating quantitative speed of processing differences among age groups. The latencies of both Neg400 and P3b increased as the matching criteria became more complex. Moreover, P3b latency increased as the number of dimensions on which the two pictures differed increased, and this did not interact with age. Although both Neg400 and P3b showed age-related changes in scalp distribution, the fact that each was related to the experimental variables in similar fashion in all age groups suggested that they were homologous components across the age range studied. Taken as a whole, the data support continuity of information processing during these tasks across a wide age range.     

Enhanced zinc consumption causes memory deficits and increased brain levels of zinc

Zinc deficiency has been shown to impair cognitive functioning, but little work has been done on the effects of elevated zinc. This research examined the effect on memory of raising Sprague-Dawley rats on enhanced levels of zinc (10 ppm ZnCO3; 0.153 mM) in the drinking water for periods of 3 or 9 months, both pre- and postnatally. Controls were raised on lab water. Memory was tested in a series of Morris Water Maze (MWM) experiments, and zinc-treated rats were found to have impairments in both reference and working memory. They were significantly slower to find a stationary platform and showed greater thigmotaxicity, a measure of anxiety. On a working memory task, where the platform was moved each day, zinc-treated animals had longer latencies over both trials and days, swam further from the platform, and showed greater thigmotaxicity. On trials using an Atlantis platform, which remained in one place but was lowered on probe trials, the zinc-treated animals had significantly fewer platform crossings, spent less time in the target quadrant, and did not swim as close to the platform position. They had significantly greater latency on nonprobe trials. Microprobe synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (microSXRF) confirmed that brain zinc levels were increased by adding ZnCO3 to the drinking water. These data show that long-term dietary administration of zinc can lead to impairments in cognitive function.     

帕罗西汀合并认知疗法治疗酒依赖伴发抑郁及对戒酒的影响

目的评价帕罗西汀合并认知疗法治疗酒依赖伴发抑郁的疗效及对戒酒的影响。方法将98例酒依赖伴发抑郁的患者随机分为研究组和对照组,分别用认知疗法合并帕罗西汀、单用帕罗西汀治疗4个月。用汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评定疗效;用复饮率评定戒酒效果。结果治疗1个月后,研究组HAMD评分16.79±6.50与对照组相近17.88±6.59(P>0.05)。治疗4个月后HAMD评分10.76±5.32、明显低于对照组14.54±5.12(P<0.01);临床疗效(痊愈率44.44%、显效率22.22%、有效率33.34%)明显高于对照组(21.74%、21.74%、56.52%)(P<0.05);复饮率(24.44%)低于对照对照组(45.56%)(P<0.05)。结论认知疗法合并帕罗西汀治疗酒依赖伴发抑郁疗效较好,戒酒效果较好。     

认知疗法治疗强迫症的对照研究

目的　探讨认知疗法治疗强迫症的疗效。方法　对 6 0例符合 CCMD-2 -R诊断标准 ,且 Y-BOCS量表评分≥ 1 6分的强迫症病人 ,随机分到认知治疗组 ( 30例 )和氯丙咪嗪组 ( 30例 ) ,两组在氯丙咪嗪常规治疗的同时 ,其中一组加用认知治疗 ,共治疗 8周。在治疗前、后两组均进行临床疗效评估和 Y-BOCS量表评分。结果　认知治疗组痊愈 1 1例、显效 1 6例、有效 3例。氯丙咪嗪组痊愈 6例、显效 1 4例、有效 1 0例。两组痊愈和显效比较有显著差异 ( P<0 .0 5 )。 Y-BOCS量表减分率 :认知治疗组 5 4 .90 % ,氯丙咪嗪组 4 2 .33% ,两组比较有显著差异 ( P<0 .0 5 )。结论　认知疗法配合药物治疗强迫症比单用氯丙咪嗪治疗强迫症疗效更好     

PUPILLARY AND ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC CHANGES DURING AN IMAGERY TASK

This study examined the relationship between muscle activity and the increased pupillary dilation observed during cognitive tasks when S is required to indicate task completion. Pupillary and EMG activity were monitored while Ss generated images to words. In two groups, Ss indicated completion of the task either by pressing a key or by releasing it. In two other groups Ss made a key press response that was unrelated to the cognitive task. No key press was required of a fifth group. Results indicated some apparent effect of muscle activity on pupil size during the imagery task and the findings were discussed in relation to other variables affecting pupillary activity.