湖北省农村地区疟疾防治知识调查及影响因素研究

目的了解湖北省农村地区疟疾防治知识知晓情况，并分析其影响因素，为疟疾防治工作提供参考依据。方法横断面调查和整群典型抽样确定调查对象，调查湖北省农村地区疟疾防治知识知晓率，采用列联表比较不同地区、性别、年龄及人群知晓率的差异，并对知晓率的影响因素做非条件Logistic回归分析。结果调查对象对“是否听说过疟疾、传播途径、疟疾发作时主要症状、主要抗疟药物、预防疟疾的最好方法”的知晓率分别为57．6％，49、5％，15．5％，40．6％，35．5％。不同地区、性剐、年龄、人群的知晓率存在差异（P〈0、01）。地区、性剐、年龄、人群是知晓率的影响因素。结论农村地区疟疾防治知识的宣传教育仍需加强，电视宣传为最受欢迎的宣传教育形式。     

上海市居民高血压相关知识知晓率及需求情况调查

目的了解上海市居民对高血压相关知识的知晓程度和需求情况，为城市居民高血压防治工作提供参考依据。方法于2007年3月在上海市19个区县随机抽取2325名18岁以上居民作为调查对象，面对面进行高血压相关知识的问卷调查。结果被调查者自我血压知晓率74．铴，高血压诊断标准、危险因素、并发症、控制方法和需长期治疗的知晓率分别为58．6％，20．3％，19．7％，38．1％和90．1％。年龄对高血压诊断标准和控制方法的知晓率有影响，60～79岁调查对象的知晓率最高（P〈0．05）；文化程度高的人对高血压危险因素、并发症及控制方法的知晓率较高（P〈0．05）。65．8％的调查对象表示对高血压防治知识感兴趣。结论上海市居民自我血压知晓率较高，但高血压防治知识知晓率偏低，需加大宣传力度。增加获取知识的渠道，从而提高市民高血压认知水平。     

The Role of Awareness in Differential Conditioning

A view of the processes involved in single cue and differential skeletal conditioning is presented, and the implications for studies investigating the effects of awareness on autonomic conditioning are discussed. Skeletal conditioning studies are described which indicate that masking tasks can greatly reduce and in some cases largely eliminate differential responding, but not response acquisition per se. These effects occur even when Ss report the conditioning contingencies. The data thus suggest that Ss given masking tasks may be “functionally unaware’ during conditioning, with an attendant decrease in differential conditioning performance, even though they have knowledge of the conditioning contingencies as demonstrated by post-experimental report.     

Awareness of behavioral, cognitive, and physical deficits in acute traumatic brain injury

OBJECTIVE: To compare awareness of deficit in 3 domains of function (physical, cognitive, behavioral/emotional) in acute traumatic brain injury (TBI), controlling for severity of impairment in the different domains. DESIGN: Inception cohort. SETTING: Three inpatient rehabilitation programs. PARTICIPANTS: People with acute TBI (N=161), tested as soon as feasible after posttraumatic amnesia. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Awareness Questionnaire (AQ) completed by the person with TBI and the treating neuropsychologist; and self- and clinician-rating scores calculated in the 3 domains. RESULTS: For participants who were rated by clinicians as more impaired in at least 1 domain (ie, scored lower on the AQ), self-ratings differed significantly from one another in all 3 domains, with behavioral self-ratings highest, physical self-ratings lowest, and cognitive self-ratings intermediate. In subgroups of participants rated at the same level by clinicians in all 3 domains, physical self-ratings were also lowest, that is, more consonant with clinician ratings. Participants tended to rate themselves as relatively unchanged in cognitive and behavioral domains regardless of the level of clinician ratings on these factors. CONCLUSIONS: Patterns of discrepant awareness of deficit in different functional areas seen in postacute TBI also appear to be present acutely and are not entirely related to differential severity of deficit. We discuss several possible reasons for discrepant awareness of deficit, including differences in internal and external feedback, cultural and psychologic factors, and different levels of ambiguity inherent in causal explanations for different types of problems.     

Effects of trial order and differential conditioning on acquisition of differential shock expectancy and skin conductance conditioning to masked stimuli

Research suggests that when people are fear conditioned to masked spiders and snakes (electric shocks are contingent on only spiders or snakes), they acquire a conditional skin conductance response and can predict the occurrence of shocks even though they are unable to identify the masked spiders and snakes. Because in prior studies trial order was not completely random, it is unclear if findings were due to the contingencies from differential conditioning or a restricted trial order or both. When participants were assigned to four groups to disentangle effects of trial order and differential conditioning to masked pictures in acquisition, effects were obtained only for trial order. These findings demonstrate that trial order can result in conditioning. However, because effects were observed even for participants who reported unawareness of the contingency from trial order, results are consistent with the notion of hunches or gut feelings.     

Monitoring techniques; neuromuscular blockade and depth of anaesthesia

This article outlines the physical principles underlying peripheral nerve stimulation and depth of anaesthesia monitoring in relation to anaesthesia. The patterns of nerve stimulation most commonly used in clinical practice are described including train-of-four, double burst stimulation and tetanic stimulation, as well as methods used to measure motor response. The key technologies currently used to monitor level of consciousness during anaesthesia are also described, namely methods based on electroencephalography and stimulus evoked potentials, including limitations of their use. Published clinical guidelines on the use of both nerve stimulators and level of consciousness monitors are also discussed.     

广州市居民对新型冠状病毒疫苗的认知与接种意愿调查

目的 调查广州市居民对新冠疫苗的认知、接种意愿及影响因素，为新冠疫苗在居民中的推广提供理论依据和建议。方法 采用简单随机抽样方法对广州市居民进行电话调查，对数据进行χ2检验和多因素logistic回归分析。结果 回收有效问卷1 000份，居民新冠疫苗知晓率为83.60%（836/1 000），79.16%（547/691）愿意接种新冠疫苗；年龄≥40岁（OR = 0.524，95% CI: 0.291～0.943，P = 0.031）、未曾自费接种（OR = 1.456，95% CI: 1.030～2.059，P = 0.033）是影响居民疫苗知晓率的因素；女性（OR = 0.657，95% CI: 0.422～0.978，P = 0.038）、未曾自费接种（OR = 1.850，95% CI: 1.249～2.740，P = 0.002）是影响居民接种意愿的因素，疫苗无副作用（OR = 0.504，95% CI: 0.298～0.853，P = 0.011）和不清楚疫苗有效期（OR = 10.074，95% CI: 4.105～24.724，P = 0.031）是居民不接种新冠疫苗的重要影响因素。结论 广州市居民对新冠疫苗知晓度高、接种意愿强，但疫苗上市后立即接种的积极性低、认知尚匮乏，建议加强新冠疫苗相关知识的宣传教育。     

A study of the knowledge and attitudes of emergency physicians and plastic surgeons in the management of snakebites

Snakebites in the UK are uncommon. In the UK and Europe, they occur less frequently compared to the Americas, Africa and Asia. In the UK, there is only one known indigenous poisonous snake, Vipera berus, the adder, but other snake species may be found in private collections or zoos. Snakebites in the UK tend to occur in certain ‘hotspots’ namely rural areas, forestry or in national parklands; parts of Scotland, Wales and the counties of Norfolk, Devon and Cornwall where the largest population of snakes exist. In the UK, the majority of snakebites are managed by emergency physicians; however, a small but significant proportion can develop complications which necessitate management by plastic and reconstructive surgeons and/or other medical specialists. Fortunately in the UK, very few indigenous snakes envenomate; therefore, we do not see the devastating and, in some cases, fatal consequences of snakebites including the cardiovascular, neurological and cutaneous sequelae. The objective of the survey performed was to provide insight into the knowledge and attitude of emergency physicians and plastic surgeons in the management of snakebites. In general, there was a good level of previous experience of managing snakebites abroad in the vast majority of cases. However, the survey findings indicated poor knowledge of the consequences of snakebites and the administration of antivenom. The authors feel better awareness and training for clinical staff who may be asked to deal with such problems would be of great benefit. Further, public awareness for holiday makers should be improved in an effort to reduce the numbers of snakebites which commonly occur in the UK.     

Awareness of hormonal emergency contraception among married women in a Kuwaiti family social network

OBJECTIVE: Awareness and use of hormonal emergency contraception are not known in the Arab world. This study investigated awareness and perceptions of hormonal emergency contraception among women within a Kuwaiti extended family and their social contacts. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire which was distributed to 66 married women within a Kuwaiti family's social network. The questionnaire provided a short explanation of hormonal emergency contraception and then elicited the respondent's prior awareness, concerns and perception on future availability. RESULTS: The mean (S.D.) age of the respondents was 35.1 (6.3) years. Over 30% were currently using oral contraceptives; 28% were using no contraceptive method. Four women (6.1%) had heard of hormonal emergency contraception before, one had used it. Most respondents (65.2%) would not use or inform a friend about hormonal emergency contraception. Main concerns were risks to the health of the woman (83.3%) or the baby (54.5%) or that it was abortifacient (21.2%). However, 90.9% of respondents wanted hormonal emergency contraception to be available. CONCLUSIONS: Awareness of hormonal emergency contraception is low among Kuwaiti women. Despite some concerns, they feel it should be made available. Health care providers and policymakers should address this situation.