Three-dimensional recording of the human face with a 3D laser scanner.

Three-dimensional recording of the surface of the human body or of certain anatomical areas has gained an ever increasing importance in recent years. When recording living surfaces, such as the human face, not only has a varying degree of surface complexity to be accounted for, but also a variety of other factors, such as motion artefacts. It is of importance to establish standards for the recording procedure, which will optimise results and allow for better comparison and validation. In the study presented here, the faces of five male test persons were scanned in different experimental settings using non-contact 3D digitisers, type Minolta Vivid 910). Among others, the influence of the number of scanners used, the angle of recording, the head position of the test person, the impact of the examiner and of examination time on accuracy and precision of the virtual face models generated from the scanner data with specialised software were investigated. Computed data derived from the virtual models were compared to corresponding reference measurements carried out manually between defined landmarks on the test persons' faces. We describe experimental conditions that were of benefit in optimising the quality of scanner recording and the reliability of three-dimensional surface imaging. However, almost 50% of distances between landmarks derived from the virtual models deviated more than 2mm from the reference of manual measurements on the volunteers' faces.     

Bilateral fracture dislocation of the sacroiliac joint

 We present a rare case of a 27-year-old man sustaining a bilateral fracture dislocation of the sacroiliac joints without disruption of the anterior pelvis, following a fall from a height. Reconstructed images in the coronal plane and three-dimensional CT images were invaluable in the diagnosis and assessment of this injury.     

三维适形放射治疗门静脉癌栓23例

目的探讨三维适形放射治疗门脉癌栓的近期疗效.资料与方法 23例均为肝癌介入治疗后出现门静脉癌栓,其中原发性肝癌8例,转移性肝癌15例,所有病人均在介入治疗2～4次后出现门静脉癌栓.采用三维适形照射的方法,每例均设定4～6个非共面野,单次照射剂量3～7Gy,6～15次,每日或隔日照射,总剂量42～48 Gy.结果总有效率3个月为82.6%,6个月为95.7%,Kaplan-Meier分析法,1、2、3年生存率分别为82.6%、43.5%和26.1%,中位生存期14个月.Cox回归分析提示Child-Pugh肝功能分级和单次照射剂量与预后有关.结论三维适形放射治疗肝癌介入后门静脉癌栓是一种方法简单、病人易于接受、近期疗效显著的可行性方法,值得临床推广.     

Morphologic analysis of rat retinocollicular neuron terminals containing monoamine oxidase

The retino-collicular neuron terminals containing type A monoamine oxidase (MAO-A) in the stratum griseum superficiale of the rat superior colliculus were analyzed to provide a morphologic basis for the physiologic role of these neurons in the visual pathway. A computer-assisted, three-dimensional re-construction of the terminal complex associated with the MAO-A-positive terminals was performed. MAO-A-positive terminals originated in the retina and terminated in the stratum griseum superficiale. This was confirmed by tract tracing and enucleation experiments. The terminals were densely grouped in clusters of irregularly shaped swellings. Electron microscopy revealed that the MAO-A-positive terminals were located in a glomerulus-like structure. In this terminal complex, a significant proportion of the axonal profiles (42.96%) synapsed with the MAO-A-positive terminals. Most of the profiles (24.16%) resembled presynaptic dendrites, which represent intermediate elements between the retinal terminals and conventional dendrites. Unlike the glomerulus in the dorsal lateral geniculate body, the MAO-A-positive terminal swellings were not located in the central part of the terminal complex. The terminals had an irregular shape and were located in the complex. The terminal complex was partially ensheathed by glial processes. Furthermore, the membrane surfaces exhibiting synaptic specializations were very small compared with the total surface of the terminal swellings. The membrane length of the synaptic specialization was 5.38% of the total perimeter of the MAO-A-positive terminals.     

Diagnostic imaging of orofacial malformations

Summary Two-dimensional conventional X-rays and computer tomographic imaging systems contribute to the diagnosis and surgical planning of patients with orofacial malformations. The ability to reformat CT scans into three-dimensional osseous and soft tissue surface images has a significant impact on the diagnosis and management of orofacial malformations. Cephalometric evaluation with teleradiography provides precise insight into both the skeletal structures and the soft parts, enabling the radiologist to assess the relationship among the different parts in a given subject, at any given time and in relation to the normal.      

Idiopathic scoliosis: biomechanics and biology

For whatever reason, right-left asymmetry has attracted an illogical proportion of research effort. Non-structural scoliosis, for example secondary to a leg length inequality, is indeed a problem of right-left asymmetry, but structural scoliosis is a complex three-dimensional deformity involving all planes. Biomechanical, biological and clinical evidence indicates clearly that the problem is one of front-back asymmetry and not right-left. The importanc of biological factors lies in their ability to bring the spinal column to and beyond its buckling threshold. Thus a taller and more slender spine is more liable to bend and, being stiffer in the sagittal plane, favours movement into other planes. This epitomises the spine of the scoliosis patient who is growing faster with a spinal template similar to other family members allowing idiopathic scoliosis to express itself genetically. It is the opposite condition to idiopathic hyperkyphosis (Scheuermann's disease), but this deformity is rotationally stable, thus remaining in the sagittal plane. The presence of an adjacent area of lordo-scoliosis below the region of hyperkyphosis testifies to the common nature of the pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis and Scheuermann's disease. It is the area of compensatory hyperlordosis below the Scheuermann's area that has obligatorily buckled and represents a human model supporting the lordosis theory, as does surgically tethering the back of the young growing human spine, which crankshafts accelerated progression. Similarly the only successful animal model of the formation of idopathic follows creation of a lordotic spinal segment in an otherwise kyphotic spine. For centuries, engineers have recognised that the mechanical behaviour of a column under load is influenced by geometry, as well as by material properties; it is clear that the spinal column also obeys these well-described laws.     

CBL教学联合三维成像技术在胸外科见习教学中的应用

目的 探讨以案例为基础的学习（case-based learning,CBL）联合三维成像技术在胸外科见习教学中的应用效果。方法 选取2019年在扬州大学附属医院胸外科见习的90名学生,按照随机数字表法分为常规理论授课组（A组）、CBL教学组（B组）和CBL教学联合三维成像技术组（C组）。其中A组行常规理论授课;B组行CBL教学;C组在CBL的基础上,使用三维成像软件利用CT数据对患者的影像资料进行三维重建。分别评估两组的理论考试成绩,并对学生进行问卷调查（包括教学是否有利于激发学习兴趣和热情、是否有利于临床思维的建立、教学方法优劣的评价、是否有利于理论知识的掌握）。采用 SPSS 20.0 进行方差分析、t 检验和卡方检验。结果 理论成绩A组（85.83±4.62）为3组最低;B组理论成绩（89.71±5.84）低于C组（94.60±6.28）;答题时间C组（286.68±77.56） s为3组最低,B组（359.78±80.55） s低于A组（423.31±83.53） s,差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。在教学是否有利于激发学习兴趣和热情、是否有利于临床思维的建立、教学方法优劣的评价、是否有利于理论知识的掌握等方面C组优于B组和A组,B组又优于A组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。结论 CBL教学联合三维重建技术,提高了胸外科见习学生对教学方法的认可度,提升了学生的理论成绩,激发了学生的学习兴趣和热情、培养了其临床思维,增加了其对理论知识的掌握。     

颈静脉孔区计算机三维重建

目的　探讨计算机三维重建技术在颈静脉孔区研究中的应用。　方法　用生物塑化技术制作 1 2mm厚的薄层断面标本 ,在SGI工作站上对颈静脉孔及相关结构进行三维重建。　结果　计算机三维重建图像可显示颈静脉孔区重要神经、血管 ,能够清楚显示颈内动脉、颈内静脉及舌咽、迷走、副神经束与颅底骨结构的三维解剖关系。重建结构能够以单独或联合方式显示 ,并可绕任意轴进行旋转 ,任意径线及角度均可适时测量。　结论计算机三维重建技术对颈静脉孔区的解剖研究具有重要应用价值     

Arteries to the great and second toes based on three-dimensional analysis of 100 cadaveric feet

Summary Three-dimensional arteriography was used to analyse the arterial supply of the great and second toes of 100 cadaveric feet down to the microsurgical level. This information will aid in successful composite tissue transfers of these toes to the hand. The arterial blood supply of the great toe came principally from the first dorsal metatarsal a. (78%) and the first plantar metatarsal a. (22%), and secondarily from the medial tarsal aa. and the three terminal branches of the medial plantar a. For the second toe, the first dorsal metatarsal a. (78%) and the first plantar metatarsal a. (22%) supplied blood from the medial side, and the second dorsal metatarsal a. (78%) and the second plantar metatarsal a. (22%) supplied blood from the lateral side. Seven arterial patterns were found in the interdigital web space. The socalled general pattern was seen in the first web space in 65% of the feet examined. In the second web space it was found in 85%. The first intermetatarsal space sometimes contained a large artery arising directly from the dorsalis pedis or first proximal perforating a. as well as the first dorsal and first plantar metatarsal arteries. In this space, arterial patterns were classified into 4 types and 9 subtypes based on the origins and proximal courses of these arteries. The so-called standard pattern was found in only 19% of the feet, while an arterial pattern with a common proximal trunk on the plantar side for the first dorsal and first plantar metatarsal aa. was found most frequently (46%). In the second intermetatarsal space the second dorsal metatarsal a. was usually located on the dorsum.

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Les artères de l'hallux et du deuxième orteil. Analyse tridimensionnelle de cent pieds de cadavres

Résumé L'artériographie en trois dimensions a été utilisée pour analyser la vascularisation artérielle de l'hallux et du deuxième orteil de cent pieds de cadavres jusqu'au niveau microchirurgical. Ces renseignements aideront au succès des transferts de tissus composites de ces orteils vers la main. La vascularisation artérielle de l'hallux vient principalement de la première artère métatarsienne dorsale (78 %) et de la première artère métatarsienne plantaire (22 %) et secondairement des artères tarsiennes médiales et des trois branches terminales de l'artère plantaire médiale. Pour le deuxième orteil, la première artère métatarsienne dorsale (78 %) et la première artère métatarsienne plantaire (22 %) vascularisent le versant médial, la deuxième artère métatarsienne dorsale (78 %) et la deuxième artère métatarsienne plantaire (22 %) vascularisent le versant latéral. Sept dispositions artérielles ont été trouvées dans la commissure interdigitale. Une disposition dénommée commune a été vue dans la premiere commissure sur 65 % des pieds examinés, dans la deuxième commissure dans 85 % des cas. Le premier espace intermétatarsien contient parfois une volumineuse artère, naissant directement de l'artère dorsale du pied ou de la première artère perforante proximale, mais aussi des premières artères métatarsiennes dorsale ou plantaire. Dans cet espace, les dispositions artérielles sont classées en 4 types et 9 sous-types, basés sur l'origine et le trajet proximal de ces artères. La disposition standard a été trouvée seulement sur 19 % des pieds, alors qu'une disposition comprenant un tronc proximal commun situé sur le versant plantaire, fournissant les premières artères métatarsiennes dorsale et plantaire, a été trouvée plus fréquemment (46 %). Dans le deuxième espace intermétatarsien, la deuxième artère métatarsienne dorsale était habituellement située sur le versant dorsal.

     

Production and release of infectious hepatitis C virus from human liver cell cultures in the three-dimensional radial-flow bioreactor

Lack of efficient culture systems for hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been a major obstacle in HCV research. Human liver cells grown in a three-dimensional radial-flow bioreactor were successfully infected following inoculation with plasma from an HCV carrier. Subsequent detection of increased HCV RNA suggested viral replication. Furthermore, transfection of HCV RNA transcribed from full-length cDNA also resulted in the production and release of HCV virions into supernatant. Infectivity was shown by successful secondary passage to a new culture. Introduction of mutations in RNA helicase and polymerase regions of HCV cDNA abolished virus replication, indicating that reverse genetics of this system is possible. The ability to replicate and detect the extracellular release of HCV might provide clues with regard to the persistent nature of HCV infection. It will also accelerate research into the pathogenicity of HCV, as well as the development of prophylactic agents and new therapy.