Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Elderly and Agreement among Four Diagnostic Criteria

Background

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is an aggregation of risk factors that increase the incidence of cardiovascular events and diabetes mellitus (DM). Population aging is accompanied by higher prevalence of MS, which varies depending on the population studied and the diagnostic criteria used.

Objective

To determine prevalence of MS in the elderly using four diagnostic criteria and agreement between them.

Methods

Cross-sectional study on 243 patients older than 60 years (180 women) in Niterói, RJ. They were evaluated by clinical examination, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, lipid profile and anthropometric measurements - weight, height, waist circumference and waist/hip ratio. Prevalence of MS was estimated by World Health Organization (WHO) modified, National Cholesterol Education Program - Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III), International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and Joint Interim Statement (JIS) criteria.

Results

Prevalence was high with the four criteria WHO (51.9%), NCEP-ATPIII (45.2%), IDF (64.1%) and JIS (69.1%), and agreement between criteria by kappa was moderate in almost all comparisons WHO vs. IDF (k = 0.47;95% confidence interval (CI), 0.35 to 0.58); WHO vs. NCEP-ATPIII (k = 0.51; 95% CI, 0.40 to 0.61); WHO vs. JIS (k = 0.45; 95% CI, 0.33 to 0.56); IDF vs. NCEP-ATPIII (k = 0.55; 95% CI, 0.45 to 0.65) and NCEP-ATPIII vs. JIS (k = 0.53; 95% CI, 0.43-0.64), except between IDF vs. JIS (K = 0.89;95% CI, 0.83 to 0.95), which was considered good.

Conclusion

Prevalence of MS was high with the four diagnostic criteria, mainly by JIS. There was good agreement between JIS and IDF criteria and moderate among the others.     

Prognostic Value of TIMI Score versus GRACE Score in ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Background

The TIMI Score for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) was created and validated specifically for this clinical scenario, while the GRACE score is generic to any type of acute coronary syndrome.

Objective

Between TIMI and GRACE scores, identify the one of better prognostic performance in patients with STEMI.

Methods

We included 152 individuals consecutively admitted for STEMI. The TIMI and GRACE scores were tested for their discriminatory ability (C-statistics) and calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow) in relation to hospital death.

Results

The TIMI score showed equal distribution of patients in the ranges of low, intermediate and high risk (39 %, 27 % and 34 %, respectively), as opposed to the GRACE Score that showed predominant distribution at low risk (80 %, 13 % and 7%, respectively). Case-fatality was 11%. The C-statistics of the TIMI score was 0.87 (95%CI = 0.76 to 0.98), similar to GRACE (0.87, 95%CI = 0.75 to 0.99) - p = 0.71. The TIMI score showed satisfactory calibration represented by χ2 = 1.4 (p = 0.92), well above the calibration of the GRACE score, which showed χ2 = 14 (p = 0.08). This calibration is reflected in the expected incidence ranges for low, intermediate and high risk, according to the TIMI score (0 %, 4.9 % and 25 %, respectively), differently to GRACE (2.4%, 25% and 73%), which featured middle range incidence inappropriately.

Conclusion

Although the scores show similar discriminatory capacity for hospital death, the TIMI score had better calibration than GRACE. These findings need to be validated populations of different risk profiles.     

小卒中的预后预测因素

小卒中以症状轻微、快速恢复和不易致残为特点,但一部分小卒中患者是卒中复发的高危人群,并且可导致残疾、认知损害和情绪异常.早期预测小卒中患者的预后,筛查卒中复发和致残的高危人群并给予合适的治疗,可预防卒中复发和改善患者预后.文章就小卒中患者预后的预测因素进行综述.     

微量白蛋白尿与急性缺血性卒中的严重程度和转归的关系

目的 探讨微量白蛋白尿(microalbuminuria,MAU)与急性缺血性卒中的危险因素、病情严重程度及转归的关系.方法 前瞻性纳入连续的急性缺血性卒中患者,根据尿白蛋白/肌酐比率(urine albumin/creatinine ratio,UACR)分为MAU阳性组(≥30 mg/g)和MAU阴性组(＜30 mg/g),根据改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin Scale,mRS)评分分为转归良好组(0～2分)和转归不良组(＞2分),对各项人口统计学和临床资料进行比较,并分析急性缺血性卒中转归不良和MAU阳性的独立因素.结果 共纳入156例急性缺血性卒中患者,其中男性84例,女性72例;年龄53～ 78岁,平均(65.4±6.2)岁;发病至入院时间为1.5～28 h;94例转归良好,62例转归不良,无死亡病例;76例MAU阳性,80例MAU阴性.多变量logistic回归分析显示,高龄[优势比(odds ratio,OR)1.992,95％可信区间(c onfidence interval,CI)1.108～2.374;P=0.015]、合并糖尿病(OR 2.497,95％ CI1.177～5.298;P =0.017)和心房颤动(OR 2.338,95％ CI1.062 ～5.148;P=0.035)、高血清高半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)水平(OR 2.541,95％ CI 1.073～6.02;P=0.047)和UACR(OR 2.130,95％ CI1.396 ～3.017;P =0.001)、MAU阳性(OR 3.291,95％ CI1.681 ～6.444;P=0.001)、高基线美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)评分(OR9.196,95％ CI2.828～19.815;P ＜0.001)是急性缺血性卒中患者转归不良的独立危险因素.MAU阳性组合并糖尿病的患者比例(P=0.038)以及空腹血糖水平(P=0.025)、血清Hcy水平(P=0.022)和颈动脉内膜-中膜厚度(intima-media thickness,IMT)(P=0.019)与MAU阴性组存在显著性差异.MAU阳性组前循环梗死比例较低(P=0.033),基线NIHSS评分(P=0.003)和转归不良率较高(P＜0.001).多变量logistic回归分析显示,合并糖尿病(OR 2.237,95％ CI1.036 ～4.829;P =0.040)以及空腹血糖(OR 1.223,95％ CI1.145 ～1.673;P=0.027)和Hcy水平(OR 2.542,95％ CI 1.047～6.612;P=0.025)、颈动脉IMT(OR1.295,95％ CI1.106 ～1.362;P=0.023)和基线NIHSS评分(OR1.206,95％ CI1.044 ～1.219;P =0.023)增高与急性缺血性卒中患者MAU阳性独立相关.结论 MAU阳性是急性缺血性卒中转归不良的独立危险因素之一,且与急性缺血性卒中的部分危险因素密切相关,并对急性缺血性卒中病情严重程度和转归有着显著的影响.     

血管性认知损害的危险因素

血管性认知损害(vascular cognitive impairment,VCI)是指由各种血管性因素引起的不同程度的认知功能损害综合征,其发病率日益增高,但其危险因素尚不明确.注重VCI的早期预防可有效减少血管性痴呆的发生.文章对VCI的危险因素进行了综述.     

复发性脑出血

复发性脑出血(recurrent intracerebral hemorrhage,RICH)并不少见,其发生与血管结构病变、脑血管淀粉样变、高血压以及相关基因突变等因素相关.RICH的病死率与初次原发性脑出血相当,而致残率则显著高于原发性脑出血.文章对RICH的流行病学、好发部位、危险因素、发病机制和预后进行了综述.     

颈动脉狭窄与认知功能

颈动脉狭窄是脑血管病的重要危险因素之一.许多研究显示,颈动脉狭窄可能会导致认知损害,但具体机制尚不明确.颈动脉内膜切除术和支架置入术能解除颈动脉狭窄,提高脑灌注量,进而可能改善患者认知功能,但干预后的并发症和长期效果仍有待进一步研究.     

无症状颈动脉狭窄的卒中风险和治疗

无症状颈动脉狭窄(asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis,ACAS)患者的最佳治疗方案一直存有争议.早年的研究表明,颈动脉内膜切除术(carotid endarterectomy,CEA)治疗重度ACAS患者有效;近年来,作为一种微创治疗手段,颈动脉支架置入术(carotid artery stenting,CAS)的疗效与CEA相当,有替代CEA的趋势.近10余年来,药物规范化治疗已取得重大进展.新近的研究表明,与CEA和CAS相比,采用最佳药物治疗(best medical treatment,BMT)的ACAS患者卒中风险更低.ACAS患者选择最佳治疗方案的关键是识别卒中高危风险患者.     

阿托伐他汀在大鼠颈总动脉球囊损伤模型中对NF-κB及其相关炎性因子的影响

目的研究阿托伐他汀在大鼠颈总动脉球囊损伤模型中对核转录因子NF-κB及其相关炎性因子:细胞间细胞黏附分子1(ICAM-1)、血管细胞黏附分子1(VCAM-1)、单核细胞趋化蛋白1(MCP-1)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的影响。方法健康雄性Wistar大鼠72只,体重300～350 g,随机分为3组,阿托伐他汀干预组为实验组,通过灌胃法给予阿托伐他汀[10 mg/(kg.d)];安慰剂对照组为模型组,给予等量清水;空白对照组为假手术组,只分离出左颈总动脉后缝合,不作球囊损伤处理,给予等量清水。药物干预3天后实验组与模型组行左侧颈总动脉内膜球囊损伤术,术后实验组继续每日给予阿托伐他汀,模型组及假手术组给予等量清水,每组中各有6只于术后1、3、7天和14天分别处死,采集血清及颈总动脉标本。采用组织形态学观察内膜增生,采用免疫组织化学及酶联免疫吸附试验检测NF-κB及ICAM-1、VCAM-1、MCP-1、IL-6、TNF-α等炎性因子的表达。结果阿托伐他汀组球囊损伤后内膜增生面积显著小于模型组(P<0.01);模型组血管壁及血清中NF-κB及炎性因子ICAM-1、VCAM-1、MCP-1、IL-6、TNF-α的表达显著高于假手术组;阿托伐他汀组血管壁及血清中NF-κB及炎性因子ICAM-1、VCAM-1、MCP-1、IL-6、TNF-α的表达显著低于模型组(P<0.01)。结论阿托伐他汀能抑制大鼠颈总动脉损伤后的内膜增生,其可能机制是通过特异性抑制炎症关键调节因子NF-κB,从而减少其下游炎性因子ICAM-1、VCAM-1、MCP-1、IL-6及TNF-α的表达而实现的。