Editorial Commentary: Meniscal Cartilage Suture in the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructed Knee; To Absorb or Not to Absorb: That Is the Question

When considering repair of the meniscal cartilages of the knee, the indications for repair must be carefully considered. The morphology of the tear, the zone of injury, and likely vascularity have an impact on patient selection. Patient factors, chronicity of tear, medial or lateral tear, and tear complexity all have a bearing on whether to repair or resect and how best to achieve stable repair. The consequences of meniscectomy are well established, and meniscal tissue resection comes at a cost. The success rates of meniscal cartilage repair are greater when performed in conjunction with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Patient outcomes are better for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction when performed with meniscal repair than when partial meniscectomy is performed. The optimal configuration of sutures, the suture material used, and the type of suture technique are all important considerations. The focus of this commentary is on the use of absorbable versus nonabsorbable suture material.     

Altered movement strategy of chronic ankle instability individuals with postural instability classified based on Nyquist and Bode analyses

BackgroundThe aim of the current study was to assess movement strategies during a single leg balance in chronic ankle instability individuals with unstable postural control strategy identified by Nyquist and Bode analyses in conjunction with sample entropy.MethodsThirty-three participants with self-reported chronic ankle instability and 22 healthy controls performed single-leg eyes closed static balance trials. The sagittal and frontal plane kinematics in the lower extremity and trunk as well as center of pressure trajectories were recorded during three, 20-second trials. The Nyquist and Bode stability analyses, which classify center of pressure waveforms as stable based on the resulting gain and phase margins, were performed to identify the presence of postural control deficits. Sample entropy was implemented to analyze movement strategies during the task.FindingsBased on the Nyquist and Bode stability analyses, we included 19 out of 33 chronic ankle instability participants with unstable postural control strategy and 16 out of 22 controls with stable postural control strategy in the final analyses. Chronic ankle instability participants demonstrated a significantly lower sample entropy value in sagittal and frontal plane trunk kinematics and sagittal plane hip kinematics compared to the controls. No between-group differences existed in other kinematic measures.InterpretationThe lower sample entropy values in participants with chronic ankle instability indicates that those with postural control deficits may increase reliance on the trunk and hip joint contributions to the maintenance of postural control, reflecting changes in the sensorimotor constraints on movement patterns during the task.     

Trauma Risk Score Matching for Observational Studies in Orthopedic Trauma

ObjectivesTo determine if matching by trauma risk score is non-inferior to matching by chronic comorbidities and/or a combination of demographic and patient characteristics in observational studies of acute trauma in a hip fracture model.DesignRetrospective cohort studySettingLevel-1 Trauma CenterPatients1,590 hip fracture [AO/OTA 31A and 31B] patients age 55 and over treated between October 2014 and February 2020 at 4 hospitals within a single academic medical center.InterventionRepeatedly matching randomized subsets of patients by (1) Score for Trauma Triage in Geriatric and Middle-Aged (STTGMA), (2) Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), or (3) a combination of sex, age, CCI and body mass index (BMI).Main Outcome Measurements“Matching failures” where rate of significant differences in variables of matched cohorts exceeds the 5% expected by chance.ResultsSTTGMA and combination matching resulted in no “matching failures”. Matching by CCI alone resulted in “matching failures” of BMI, ASA class, STTGMA, major complications, sepsis, pneumonia, acute respiratory failure, and 90-day readmission.ConclusionsSTTGMA matching in observational cohort studies is less likely to yield significant differences of demographics and outcomes than CCI matching. STTGMA matching is noninferior to matching a combination of demographic variables optimized for each treatment cohort. STTGMA matching is apt to reflect equipoise of health at admission and outcome likelihood in observational cohort studies of orthopedic trauma, while maintaining consistent weighting of demographic and injury characteristic variables that may expand the generalizability of these studies.Level of EvidenceLevel III     

Explicit Finite Element Models Accurately Predict Subject-Specific and Velocity-Dependent Kinetics of Sideways Fall Impact

The majority of hip fractures in the elderly are the result of a fall from standing or from a lower height. Current injury models focus mostly on femur strength while neglecting subject-specific loading. This article presents an injury modeling strategy for hip fractures related to sideways falls that takes subject-specific impact loading into account. Finite element models (FEMs) of the human body were used to predict the experienced load and the femoral strength in a single model. We validated these models for their predicted peak force, effective pelvic stiffness, and fracture status against matching ex vivo sideways fall impacts (n = 11) with a trochanter velocity of 3.1 m/s. Furthermore, they were compared to sideways impacts of volunteers with lower impact velocities that were previously conducted by other groups. Good agreement was found between the ex vivo experiments and the FEMs with respect to peak force (root mean square error [RMSE] = 10.7%, R² = 0.85) and effective pelvic stiffness (R² = 0.92, RMSE = 12.9%). The FEMs were predictive of the fracture status for 10 out of 11 specimens. Compared to the volunteer experiments from low height, the FEMs overestimated the peak force by 25% for low BMI subjects and 8% for high BMI subjects. The effective pelvic stiffness values that were derived from the FEMs were comparable to those derived from impacts with volunteers. The force attenuation from the impact surface to the femur ranged between 27% and 54% and was highly dependent on soft tissue thickness (R² = 0.86). The energy balance in the FEMS showed that at the time of peak force 79% to 93% of the total energy is either kinetic or was transformed to soft tissue deformation. The presented FEMs allow for direct discrimination between fracture and nonfracture outcome for sideways falls and bridge the gap between impact testing with volunteers and impact conditions representative of real life falls. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.     

Alteration of lumbar muscle morphology and composition in relation to low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND CONTEXTPrevious studies have proposed that there is a relationship between low back pain (LBP) and morphology and composition of paraspinal muscles. However, results have been conflicting, especially regarding fatty infiltration of muscles.PURPOSEThe primary goal of this study was to review and analyze results from imaging studies which investigated morphological and composition changes in the multifidus, erector spinae and psoas major muscles in people with LBP.STUDY DESIGN/SETTINGSystematic review with meta-analysis.PATIENT SAMPLEA patient sample was not requiredOUTCOME MEASURESThis review did not have outcome measures.METHODSPubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences, EMBASE and ProQuest were searched for eligible studies up to 31st July 2020 (all languages). A systematic search of electronic databases was conducted to identify studies investigating the association between the morphology and fat content of lumbar muscles in people with LBP compared with a (no LBP) control group. 13,795 articles were identified. Based on the screening for inclusion/ exclusion, 25 were included. The quality of the studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. From the 25 articles, 20 were included in the meta-analysis.RESULTSResults showed that the total cross-sectional area of the multifidus was smaller in people with LBP (Standardized mean difference, SMD = -0.24, 95% CI = -0.5 to 0.03). Combined SMDs showed a medium effect of LBP on increasing multifidus muscle fat infiltration (SMD = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.30 to 0.91). There were no LBP related differences identified in the morphology or composition of the lumbar erector spine and psoas major muscles.CONCLUSIONSPeople with LBP were found to have somewhat smaller multifidus muscles with a significant amount of intramuscular fat infiltration. Varying sample size, age and BMI of participants, quality of studies and the procedures used to measure fat infiltration are possible reasons for inconsistencies in results of previous studies.     

Does acromion anatomy affect the risk of acromion stress fracture after reverse shoulder arthroplasty?

IntroductionReverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) alters normal anatomic relationships and results in increased deltoid forces. Which alter physiologic stress patterns in the acromion resulting in fractures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of acromion anatomy on the stress levels and risk of acromial fracture after RSA.MethodsA lateralization onlay design of the Exactech Equinoxe RSA standard stem was used for all four different acromial sizes (ranging from −5.0 mm to +5.0 mm) and compared to standard normal shoulder model (acromial size 0). A finite element analysis (FEA) model was then constructed for each case and quasi-static analysis was carried out to determine the highest minimum principal stress (HMPS) for each case and this was used to predict fatigue life percentage (FLP) of the acromion.ResultsFor smaller acromion sizes of −5 mm and -2.5 mm, the HMPS was found to be 1.87 and 1.24 times higher than the standard, respectively. The HMPS for the +2.5 mm acromial size was 0.95 times compared to the standard and 1.04 times higher for the +5 mm acromial size. According to our model, the highest FLP was seen when the acromion size was +2.5 mm (case 4 - 178%) and the lowest FLP was seen when it was -5 mm (−0.06%).ConclusionOur results suggest that there is an optimal acromion size (+2.5 mm from normal male) that leads to the lowest fracture risk in RSA. Surgeons must be aware of acromion size as a critical factor in deltoid tensioning, acromial stress, and risk of acromial fracture when selecting optimal implant designs and sizes for RSA.Level of evidence: Basic Science Study