创伤性膝关节脱位失稳性的检查与治疗

目的：探讨创伤性膝关节脱位失稳性的检查方法、手术时机与治疗方法。方法：本组63例创伤性膝关节脱位，男48例，女15例；年龄16-75岁，平均36．6岁。鲜新膝关节脱位40例，陈旧膝关节脱位23例。按Wascher膝关节脱位分型标准：KD—Ⅰ型1例，KD—Ⅱ型13例，KD-Ⅲ型17例，KD—Ⅳ型18例，KD—Ⅴ型14例。结合物理与影像学检查评判患膝稳定性。单纯开放手术治疗53例，单纯关节镜治疗4例，关节镜加开放手术治疗4例，截肢1例，全膝关节置换1例。结果：膝MRI阳性率100％（39／39），膝应力位X线检查阳性率100％（19／19），膝关节镜阳性率93．3％（14／15）。按Lysholm膝关节评分标准：治疗前陈旧伤组平均（37．17±5．33）分，新鲜伤组平均（37．41±5．38）分；治疗后陈旧伤组平均（67．33±14．72）分，新鲜伤组平均（82．45±12．13）分（Z=-3．061，P=0．002）。结论：膝关节应力位X线检查、MR及关节镜检查对评判创伤性膝关节脱位的稳定性有积极意义，失稳性创伤膝关节脱住手术治疗的关键是早期，鲜新伤以修复为主，陈旧伤以重建为主。     

股骨转子间骨折围手术期隐性失血的比较研究

 目的 探讨围手术期不同内固定方式、不同时段隐性失血量的差异。方法 回顾性分析2008 年1 月至2012 年1 月应用动力髋螺钉(DHS)、股骨近端短重建钉(IMHS)和经皮加压钢板(PCCP)治疗AO/OTA 31-A1、31-A2 型股骨转子间骨折患者的围手术期临床资料, 其中DHS 组35 例, IMHS 组55 例, PCCP组38 例。比较不同内固定方式及不同时间段(术后第1 天、第2~3 天、第4~5天)的隐性失血量。结果 三种手术方式治疗股骨转子间骨折术后平均总隐性失血量是平均显性失血量的7 倍以上。PCCP、IMHS、DHS 组组间总隐性失血量比较, 差异均有统计学意义;而IMHS 组与DHS 组比较, 差异无统计学意义。对于阶段性隐性失血量, 在DHS 组三个时间段比较, 差异无统计学意义;在IMHS 组及PCCP 组, 术后第4~5 天与第1 天、第2~3 天比较差异均有统计学意义;而术后第1 天与第2~3 天比较差异无统计学意义。对于各组三个时间段阶段性隐性失血量/总隐性失血量比例, 术后第4~5 天与术后第1天、第2~3天比较, 差异均有统计学意义, 而术后第1 天与第2~3 天比较差异无统计学意义。结论 股骨转子间骨折围手术期隐性失血量远大于术中显性失血量。PCCP 组的总隐性失血量明显少于IMHS 组和DHS 组, 而IMHS 组与DHS 组的总隐性失血量相似。隐性失血主要发生在手术后的前3 d, 故术后前3 d应密切监测患者的血红蛋白变化, 及时评估患者的失血情况。     

New classification of the distal attachment of the fibularis brevis — Anatomical variations and potential clinical implications

BackgroundAlthough the lateral compartment of the leg is characterized by a high degree of morphological variation, very little information exists on the morphological variability of the fibularis brevis muscle (FBM) and fibularis digiti quinti (FDQ). The main aim of the study was to characterize the morphology of the FBM tendon and its accessory bands, to classify them and to determine the incidence of FDQ. The work attempts to determine the relationship between the types of the insertion of the FBM tendon and the occurrence of FDQ.MethodsClassical anatomical dissection was performed on 102 lower limbs fixed in 10% formalin solution. The morphology of the insertion of the FBM and of the FDQ was evaluated.ResultsThe FBM was present in all specimens. Two types of insertion were observed, the most common being Type I (70.6%): a single distal attachment in which the tendon inserts into the tuberosity at the base of the fifth metatarsal bone. The second most common was Type II (29.4%); this group was divided into three subtypes (A–C). The FDQ was present in 17.7% of specimens and always with Type I FBM.ConclusionBoth the FBM tendon and FDQ present significant morphological variation. Two main types of the FBM tendon determine the presence of the FDQ.Level of evidenceII Basic Science Research.     

Posterolateral plate fixation with Pantalarlock® is more stable than nail fixation in tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis in a biomechanical cadaver study

BackgroundDespite the promising results of ankle joint arthroplasty, the tibiotalocalcaneal (TTC) arthrodesis remains an established procedure in treatment of combined pathology of the ankle and subtalar joint. Despite the promising results in biomechanical investigations, nonunion rates of up to 24% are described in recent studies. The objective of this work was a comparative study of the biomechanical properties of the posterolateral plate fixation with retrograde intramedullary nail fixation.MethodsTwenty four fresh-frozen human lower leg specimens (12 pairs) were used for the comparative biomechanical testing. Every specimen was preconditioned with 100 N over 200 cycles. After every 250 cycles the force was increased by 50 N from 200 to 600 N. This was followed by cyclic loading in dorsi-/plantiflexion with 800 N for 3000 cycles. All specimens were subjected to bone densitometry (DXA) and computed tomography.ResultsSignificantly higher number of spacimens with nails (4) failed during the cycling testing in dorsi-/plantarflexion and futher two during the cyclic testing with 800 N. Two specimens with plates failed during the cyclic testing with 800 N. Statistical analysis showed that the specimens with the plate were significantly more stable in each test direction. The Pearson correlation demonstrated for the specimens with plate a linear relationship between the stiffness and the determined bone density.ConclusionsThe results demonstrate a significantly superior stiffness of the Pantalarlock®-plate in all testing directions compared with the HAN nail. Probably the position of the plate on the tension side of the joint and the combination of locking and lag screws provide the higher stiffness of the plate system. The correlation of the stiffness with bone density leads to more predictable results of the plate arthrodesis. We hope for a reduction of the pseudarthrosis rate and shorten the postoperative treatment phase. The authors expect advantages in the treatment of high risk patients with severe deformity of the ankle, bone defects, neuropathic deformity, poor bone quality and osteoporosis.     

选择性COX-2抑制剂和非选择性COX-1和COX-2抑制剂在预防全髋关节置换术后异位骨化的Meta分析

目的：比较选择性环加氧酶一2（COX一2）抑制剂和传统的非选择性NSAIDs药用于预防全髋关节置换（THA）术后异位骨化（H0）临床疗效。方法：通过计算机检索MEDuNE、EMBASE、CENTRAL、科学引文索引等数据库,收集选择性COX一2抑制剂和非选择性COX-1和COX-2抑制剂用于预防全髋关节置换术后异位骨化的随机临床试验。按照Cochrane协作网的标准对纳入的文献进行质量评估并提取有效数据,应用统计软件Statal0．0版本进行数据分析。比较两组在不同Brooker分期的异位骨化发生率。结果：共纳入4个符合条件的随机对照试验,808例患者。Meta分析结果表明,两组间异位骨化总发病率比较差异无统计学意义（RR=1．08,95％CI：0．71～1．64,=O．73）,重度异位骨化发病率（BrookerU,Ⅲ）（RR=0．83,95％CI：0．48～1．42,P=0．49）和任意Brooker分型的HO,两组之间比较差异无统计学意义。在整个研究中,16例接受非选择性COX抑制剂的患者（4．4％）因胃肠道反应终止治疗;而选择性COX-2抑制剂组中10例患者（2．7％）因胃肠道反应终止治疗。结论：选择性COX-2抑制剂与非选择性NSAIDs药用于预防全髋关节置换术后异位骨化同样有效。考虑到非选择性NSAIDs药的胃肠道不良反应,建议选择性COX-2抑制剂的预防全髋关节置换术后异位骨化。     

股骨干顺行髓内钉固定后同侧股骨颈骨折的治疗

目的：探讨股骨干骨折行顺行髓内钉固定后发现同侧股骨颈骨折的治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析2000年1月至2010年1月股骨干骨折行顺行髓内钉固定后术中或术后发现同侧股骨颈骨折的患者12例,全部以2枚螺钉分别自髓内钉前后方固定股骨颈骨折,定期随访,评估骨折愈合及功能恢复情况。结果：术后随访10—36个月,平均16．5个月。股骨颈骨折平均愈合时间3．6个月,股骨干骨折平均愈合时间5．4个月,无股骨头坏死发生。按Harris评分标准髋关节功能：优7例,良3例,可2例。结论：股骨干骨折顺行髓内钉固定后发现同侧股骨颈骨折,以2枚螺钉分别自髓内钉前后方固定股骨颈骨折方法可行,固定可靠,手术创伤小,骨折愈合率高。     

老年股骨转子间骨折手术治疗若干问题探讨

股骨转子间骨折指发生在股骨颈关节囊外至小转子下缘之间的骨折^[1]。除部分年轻患者为高能量损伤引起外,绝大部分的转子间骨折为高龄患者的脆性骨折,该部位主要有松质骨构成,是老年性骨质疏松的好发部位;同时其近端和远端比邻骨密度相对较高的股骨颈和转子下区,是股骨近端骨质相对薄弱区域,重力在该部位产生内翻力矩,应力的相对集中也是转子间好发骨折的原因之一。此外,老年人因视觉、听觉功能下降,神经系统及运动系统综合反应能力降低,外伤概率明显增高,这也是老年人易发生转子间骨折的重要原因。     

Mechanical and hypoxia stress can cause chondrocytes apoptosis through over-activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress

ObjectiveTo examine the role of mechanical force and hypoxia on chondrocytes apoptosis and osteoarthritis (OA)-liked pathological change on mandibular cartilage through over-activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS).MethodsWe used two in vitro models to examine the effect of mechanical force and hypoxia on chondrocytes apoptosis separately. The mandibular condylar chondrocytes were obtained from three-week-old male Sprague–Dawley rats. Flexcell 5000T apparatus was used to produce mechanical forces (12%, 0.5 Hz, 24 h vs 20%, 0.5 Hz, 24 h) on chondrocytes. For hypoxia experiment, the concentration of O₂ was down regulated to 5% or 1%. Cell apoptosis rates were quantified by annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) double staining and FACS analysis. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blot were performed to evaluate the activation of ERS and cellular hypoxia. Then we used a mechanical stress loading rat model to verify the involvement of ERS in OA-liked mandibular cartilage pathological change. Histological changes in mandibular condylar cartilage were assessed via hematoxylin & eosin (HE) staining. Immunohistochemistry of GRP78, GRP94, HIF-1α, and HIF-2α were performed to evaluate activation of the ERS and existence of hypoxia. Apoptotic cells were detected by the TUNEL method.ResultsTunicamycin, 20% mechanical forces and hypoxia (1% O₂) all significantly increased chondrocytes apoptosis rates and expression of ERS markers (GRP78, GRP94 and Caspase 12). However, 12% mechanical forces can only increase the apoptotic sensitivity of chondrocytes. Mechanical stress resulted in OA-liked pathological change on rat mandibular condylar cartilage which included thinning cartilage and bone erosion. The number of apoptotic cells increased. ERS and hypoxia markers expressions were also enhanced. Salubrinal, an ERS inhibitor, can reverse these effects in vitro and in vivo through the down-regulation of ERS markers and hypoxia markers.ConclusionWe confirmed that mechanical stress and local hypoxia both contributed to the chondrocytes apoptosis. Mechanical stress can cause OA-like pathological change in rat mandibular condylar cartilage via ERS activation and hypoxia existed in the meantime. Both mechanical forces and hypoxia can induce ERS and cause chondrocytes apoptosis only if the stimulate was in higher level. Salubrinal can protect chondrocytes from apoptosis, and relieve OA-liked pathological change on mandibular condylar cartilage under mechanical stress stimulation.     

软骨寡聚基质蛋白对BMP 2诱导骨髓间质干细胞分化的影响

 目的 探讨过表达软骨寡聚基质蛋白（cartilage oligomeric matrix protein,COMP）对BMP-2诱导骨髓间质干细胞成骨及成软骨分化的影响。方法 用BMP-2诱导骨髓间质干细胞分化,通过脂质体转染含人COMP基因的质粒使骨髓间质干细胞过表达COMP,空载质粒作为对照。以RT-PCR检测成骨相关基因Ⅰ型胶原、RUNX2、骨桥蛋白、骨钙蛋白以及成软骨相关基因Ⅱ型胶原、SOX9、蛋白聚糖的表达变化;通过碱性磷酸酶染色观察成骨过程中的碱性磷酸酶活性,茜素红染色观察成骨终末阶段矿化结节的生成情况,阿利新蓝染色观察细胞基质蛋白多糖的合成情况。结果 COMP组目的基因COMP mRNA的表达显著升高;骨桥蛋白mRNA表达水平较对照组低,呈现出一致的下调趋势（P<0.05）;Ⅰ型胶原、RUNX2、骨钙蛋白mRNA表达水平在诱导早期均高于对照组（P<0.05）,但在诱导晚期均明显低于对照组（P<0.05）;成软骨指标（Ⅱ型胶原、SOX9、蛋白聚糖）的基因表达水平强于对照组,呈一致的上调趋势（P<0.05）;SOX9 mRNA表达水平高于对照组,仅在第7天时差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;细胞成骨染色（碱性磷酸酶染色、茜素红染色）均弱于对照组,而阿利新蓝染色强于对照组。结论 COMP能抑制BMP-2诱导骨髓间质干细胞成骨分化,促进BMP-2诱导骨髓间质干细胞成软骨分化。     

距骨骨折后缺血坏死的相关因素分析

目的 :探讨距骨骨折类型和手术方式与骨折后坏死的关系。方法 :自2009年3月至2013年11月收治78例距骨骨折患者,43例随访2~5年,其中男27例,女16例;年龄17~65岁,平均38.6岁。39例距骨颈损伤,4例距骨体损伤。根据损伤情况采取前内侧、前外侧及联合入路手术等方法治疗,受伤后6~48 h进行治疗。分析患者前期骨折类型以及手术方式与后期骨坏死发生概率之间的关系。结果:78例中43例获随访,19例发生距骨坏死,包括距骨颈Ⅰ型骨折2例,距骨颈Ⅱ型骨折5例,距骨颈Ⅲ型骨折5例,距骨颈Ⅳ型骨折5例,距骨体骨折2例(均为合并距骨颈骨折的患者)。共29例采取手术治疗,采用不同手术方式治疗的患者发生距骨坏死的差异无统计学意义。结论:距骨颈骨折较距骨体骨折更易发生缺血坏死,在距骨颈骨折分型中,Ⅲ、Ⅳ型发生缺血坏死可能性大。