海洋来源药食同源品开发利用研究进展

海洋蕴含着丰富的生物资源,是药食同源品研究与开发的重要宝库。近年来,以虾青素及海藻多糖为代表的海洋活性成分成为健康领域的关注热点,体现了海洋来源药食同源品的独特应用潜力。以目前研究较多的几类海洋来源脂质、多糖、多肽及皂苷类药食同源品为例,分别介绍其来源、结构、生物活性、开发利用潜力等方面的研究概况,以期为海洋来源药食同源品的深入开发和利用提供参考。     

非线性混合效应模型法估算注意缺陷多动障碍患者哌甲酯缓释片的清除率

目的建立注意缺陷多动障碍患者（ADHD）哌甲酯缓释片清除率的群体药动学模型。方法前瞻性收集闽南地区服用哌甲酯缓释片治疗的78例ADHD患者的消除相血药浓度（n=165）,采用非线性混合效应模型（NONMEM）法分析数据。结果最终模型为CL（L·h^-1）=254·（WT／34．7）^0.663·0．884（如果合用丙戌酸钠,否则为1）·EXP（ETA（CL））,WT为体质量（kg）。结论成功建立ADHD患者哌甲酯缓释片治疗的群体药动学模型,根据患者的生理用药资料,可估算其清除率,为制定给药方案提供依据。     

Design,synthesis and biological evaluation of B-region modified diarylalkyl amide analogues as novel TRPV1 antagonists

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of B-region, known to be a dipolar interacting pharmacophore, modified diarylalkyl amide analogues for novel TRPV1 (transient receptor potential channel, vanilloid subfamily member 1) antagonists was described. A variety of moieties including guanidines, heterocyclic rings, cinnamides, and α-substituted acetamides were introduced at the B-region. TRPV1 antagonistic activities of these analogues were evaluated by ⁴⁵Ca²⁺ uptake assay in rat DRG neuron. In particular, α,α-difluoroamide 53 exhibited 3-fold more potent TRPV1 antagonistic activity (IC₅₀ = 0.058 μM) than the parent amide analogue 6.     

A computer-aided diagnosis system using white-light endoscopy for the prediction of conventional adenoma with high grade dysplasia

ObjectivesWe developed a computer-aided diagnosis system called ECRCCAD using standard white-light endoscopy (WLE) for predicting conventional adenomas with high-grade dysplasia (HGD) to optimise the patients' management decisions during colonoscopy.MethodsPretraining model was used to fine-tune the model parameters by transfer learning. 2,397 images of HGD and 2,487 low-grade dysplasia (LGD) images were randomly assigned (8:1:1) to the training, optimising, and internal validation dataset. The prospective validation dataset is the frames accessed from colonoscope videoes. One independent rural hospital provided an external validation dataset. Histopathological diagnosis was used as the standard criterion. The capability of the ECRCCAD to distinguish HGD was assessed and compared with two expert endoscopists.ResultsThe accuracy, sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of HGD in the internal validation set were 90.5%, 93.2%, 87.9%, respectively. While 88.2%, 85.4%, 89.8%, respectively, for the external validation set. For the prospective validation set, ECRCCAD achieved an AUC of 93.5% in diagnosing HGD. The performance of ECRCCAD in diagnosing HGD was better than that of the expert endoscopist in the external validation set (88.2% vs. 71.5%, P < 0.0001).ConclusionECRCCAD had good diagnostic capability for HGD and enabled a more convenient and accurate diagnosis using WLE.     

Analysis of oocyte cryopreservation in assisted reproduction: the Italian National Register data from 2005 to 2007

This paper reports on oocyte cryopreservation efficacy in Italy with respect to successful IVF from 2005 to 2007, presenting data from 193 centres collected by the Italian National Register. Post-thawing survival rates, number of transferred embryos, implantation rates and clinical pregnancy rates per transfer with respect to frozen/vitrified oocytes (FVO) were analysed. These numbers were compared with those obtained using frozen embryos or fresh oocytes. A total of 121,708 cycles were initiated, of which, 7.1% (8682) were FVO cycles and 2.4% (2952) were frozen embryo cycles. Of the 81,786 FVO, 52.5% (42,917) were thawed and 26.9% (22,005) inseminated. Of those inseminated, 68.0% (14,966) yielded good embryos. These numbers were significantly lower than those using fresh oocytes in which 77.9% (197,242; fresh oocytes versus FVO P < 0.001) of inseminated oocytes generated good embryos. Implantation rate using FVO was 6.9%, which was significantly lower than that using fresh oocytes (13.5%; P < 0.001) and frozen embryos (8.8%; P < 0.001). Pregnancy rate per transfer using FVO was 12.5% and significantly lower than that using fresh oocytes (24.9%; P < 0.001) or frozen embryos (16.4%; P < 0.001). There were 505 deliveries after IVF with FVO and 582 babies.     

HCV carriers with normal alanine aminotransferase levels: Healthy persons or severely ill patients?: Dealing with an everyday clinical problem

Approximately 30% of patients with chronic HCV infection show persistently normal ALT levels. Although formerly referred to as ‘healthy’ or ‘asymptomatic’ HCV carriers, and thus historically excluded from antiviral treatment, it has now become clear that the majority of these patients have some degree of histological liver damage that may be significant in up to 20% of patients and might progress toward a more severe degree of liver fibrosis. A significant proportion of patients (≥ 20%) experience periods of increased serum ALT (flare) associated with enhanced disease progression. However, controversies still exist in clinical practice regarding the definition of ‘persistent’ ALT normality, the virological and histological features of these subjects, the need for liver biopsy, the role of non invasive tools for the assessment of liver fibrosis (transient hepatic elastography, fibroscan), and the natural history and optimal management of chronic hepatitis C with normal ALT. The advent of new therapeutic options (pegylated interferons plus ribavirin) has shifted treatment targets toward eradication of underlying infection, with therapy decision based on age, severity of disease and likelihood of response rather than on aminotransferase levels. This review does approach the main unresolved issues on this topic in the form of a dialog between a hepatologist and a patient with HCV infection but normal alanine aminotransferase levels, trying to give evidence-based answers to the more frequently asked questions from patients and their physicians.     

Novel prokaryotic diversity in sediments of Tunisian multipond solar saltern

The phylogenetic diversity of a sediment microbial community from two ponds having different salinities, 150–200 g/l (M2) and 250–300 g/l (TS38), of an Sfax (Tunisia) solar saltern, was investigated using 16S rRNA clone libraries. The 16S rRNA genes from 135 bacterial clones and 105 archaeal clones were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. 32 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were generated for Bacteria and 64 for Archaea. The bacterial community in M2 sediment was affiliated only with Bacteroidetes, while that in TS38 sediment was dominated by clones affiliated with Bacteroidetes, (gamma, alpha, delta) Proteobacteria and unclassified bacteria; these represented 56.52, 26.08, 4.34, 4.34 and 8.7% of the OTUs, respectively. In the M2 and TS38 sediments, 44.44 and 43.47% of the bacterial OTUs, respectively, were novel. All archaeal sequences fell into the Euryarchaeota phylum. In both sediments, 38.46 and 72.55% of the OTUs had less than 97% 16S rRNA sequence identity, representing novel OTUs. Two sequences, retrieved from TS38 sediment, were found to be affiliated with the candidate division MSBL-1 defining two OTUs. The sediment phylogenetic study revealed the presence of a highly diverse microbial population in highly salty media.