北京地区灰霾事件对儿科门/急诊量影响的分析

目的 分析北京市自2013年1月灰霾期间儿科门诊和急诊量情况,探讨就诊量增加是否与空气污染相关.方法 患儿就诊数据来自北京市海淀区某大型综合性医院,空气污染数据来自中国环境科学研究院,气象数据来自天气网.将灰霾期间每日儿科门/急诊量与上一年度同期比较,计算每日儿科门/急诊量的增加百分比.采用广义相加模型确定浓度反应关系曲线特征,以多种结构断裂点测试方法确定曲线拐点,危险度估计采用分段线性模型.结果 北京地区灰霾期间,氮氧化合物(NOx)、二氧化硫(SO2)、PM25和PM10分别最高达672.63 μg/m3、146.20 μg/m3、312.19 μg/m3和995.00 μg/m3,高峰日集中于2012年12月28日和2013年1月10日.同日儿科就诊量出现高峰,2012年12月28日和2013年1月10日分别增加了47.75％和34.14％.4种污染物中低浓度,均与儿科门诊量相关,浓度反应关系呈“C”形和“S”形;其中PM10和SO2高浓度与儿科急诊量相关,浓度反应关系呈“J”形.结论 北京地区灰霾期间空气污染与儿科就诊量增加相关.儿科病例中存在不同易感人群,“C”、“S”、“J”形相关人群易感性依次降低.     

不同暴露方式四溴双酚A的代谢及毒性特征

四溴双酚A(TBBPA)具有高效的阻燃效率和优越的热稳定性,被广泛用于各种电子电器产品、纺织品及建筑材料等,成为世界上使用量最大的阻燃剂。该文在综述国内外相关研究的基础上,依据TBBPA的不同暴露方式总结了经口、经皮肤和经呼吸暴露TBBPA的生物体代谢特征和毒性特征。TBBPA主要是通过粪便排泄,其次为尿液;TBBPA对哺乳动物的急性毒性较小,达到g/kg体重级的剂量才能引起毒性效应;慢性毒性主要表现为内分泌干扰性、肝肾毒性、神经毒性和免疫毒性等。     

Gridded Field Observations of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Soils of North China

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in 87 soil samples collected from North China. Eleven PBDE congeners (BDE28, 47, 49, 66, 99, 100, 119, 183, 196, 203, and 209) were identified with a high frequency of detection (84–100 %) in soil samples, and their frequencies were used for statistical analysis in the present study. PBDE concentrations ranged from 0.08 to 8260 ng/g with a mean of 202 ng/g, thus indicating severe pollution at these sample sites. BDE209 was the predominant congener with concentrations of 0.08–8140 ng/g (mean 188). Analysis of the spatial distribution of PBDEs in North China soils indicated that relatively high concentrations of both lower- and higher-brominated BDEs were present in Shandong Province, and a decreasing trend in PBDE concentrations from the east toward the west of North China was observed. Source identification analysis suggested that Jinghai County in Tianjin and the coastal area of Laizhou Bay, Shandong province, were the major sources in North China. The sources in Jinghai County were connected with the dismantling of electronic waste, whereas the sources in the coastal area of Laizhou Bay were connected with the production of PBDEs. Modeling results showed that the distance between the sampling sites and these point sources had a large influence on the transfer of PBDEs.     

Prediction of the joint toxicity of five organophosphorus pesticides to Daphnia magna

The individual toxicities of five organophosphorus pesticides (dichlorvos, parathion, methyl parathion, malathion and dimethoate) to Daphnia magna were investigated in 24-h immobilization experiments. Using these toxicity data, their combined toxicities were measured in pesticide mixtures designed using either ‘equivalent-effect concentration ratios’ or ‘uniform-design concentration ratios’. The toxicities of mixtures of similarly or dissimilarly acting toxicants are often predicted from the individual toxicities of the component compounds, using one of two distinct biometric models: concentration addition (CA) or independent action (IA). The relative accuracies of the CA and IA models were assessed using the model deviation rate (MDR), which represents the difference between the effect predicted from the individual pesticide concentrations and the observed effect. The mean MDR value of CA was 0.93 (range 0.75–1.31) and the mean value obtained by IA was 3.13 (range 2.52–4.37). We conclude that the CA model is better able to predict the joint toxicities of mixtures of organophosphorus pesticides to D. magna.     

Study on the Sensitivity Indicators by Sandstorm PM<Subscript>10</Subscript> Exposure

Objective

PM₁₀ is one of the typical pollutants involved with sandstorm. More and more attentions on the sensitive bio-marks by PM₁₀ exposure are attracted. This study is to probe the sensitivities indicators’ levels by sandstorm PM₁₀ exposure.

Methods

A cross-sectional study involving administration on a survey 150 residents in Erlianhaote was performed. PM₁₀ concentrations collected on a daily basis from the local monitor stations from March to June, 2016 were employed as the daily environmental exposure levels (DEEL). Indicators of IGM, CRP, CC16, IL16, IGA, LGG, IGE and IL8 were assayed, as well as questionnaire for individual disease histories were done.

Results

Results indicated that PM₁₀ exposure level was positively related to IGG, IGM, IGA, LGG and CRP, age was positively related to CRP and LGG, and history of cardiovascular disease was related to CRP by multi-factor line regression analysis. Further analysis revealed that levels of IGG (p<0.01) and IGM (p<0.05) increased in the group with PM₁₀ DEEL exceeded 200 μg/m³, compared to the group with the average exposure levels less than 200 μg/m³; while levels of IGM (p<0.05), IGA (p<0.05), LGG (p<0.05) and CRP (p<0.01) were found higher in the group with PM₁₀ DEEL exceed 300 μg/m³, compare to the group with the levels less than 300 μg/m³.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that sandstorm PM₁₀ exposure might contribute to the changes of some immune and inflammation index. These findings provide clinical indicators for the sandstorm PM₁₀ exposure and help to understand the risk of sandstorm pollution.

     

Population-based reference for birth weight for gestational age in northern China

Background

Localized birth weight references for gestational age serve as an essential tool in accurate evaluation of atypical birth outcomes (e.g. small for gestational age) in clinical diagnosis and region-specific epidemiological studies. Such standards are currently not available in Mainland China.

Aims

To construct up-to-date, sex- and parity-specific birth weight references based on 231,937 births in Taiyuan, China during years 2005–2011.

Study design

Population-based, cross-sectional.

Subjects

Hospital-registered, healthy infants with births dated between 11/01/2005 and 12/31/2011 within Taiyuan area.

Outcome measures

Birth weight in grams, and gestational age in complete weeks were calculated using a combination of last-menstrual-date-based estimation and ultrasound examination.

Results

Separate birth weight references are constructed for male and female infants born from primiparous and multiparous mothers. Male infants are found to weigh more than female infants in later gestational ages (appr. weeks 33–42), and infants born to multiparous mother are found to weigh more than infants born to primiparous mothers in later gestational ages (appr. weeks 36–42).

Conclusions

The Taiyuan birth weight reference curves display similar trends of growth as reference curves from other countries worldwide (Netherlands, Scotland, Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, Korea and Kuwait). However, growth of birth weight for Taiyuan infants tends to be slower compared to European and North American infants regardless of gender, but similar to infants from other Asian countries.     

Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Antibiotics in Manure,Soil, Wastewater,Groundwater from Livestock and Poultry Farms in Xuzhou,China

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology - Antibiotics in manure, soil, wastewater, and groundwater samples from the livestock and poultry farms in Xuzhou City were investigated in...     

Influence of Hardness and Dissolved Organic Carbon on the Acute Toxicity of Copper to Zebrafish (Danio rerio) at Different Life Stages

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology - Copper (Cu) bioavailability varies under water conditions. In the present study, the whole life of zebrafish was divided into three...     

Anatomic measurement of the depth and location of the sublingual fossa

The purpose of this study was to measure the depth and location of the sublingual fossa, a potential site of sublingual bleeding/lingual cortical perforation during endosseous implant placement in the mandibular interforaminal region (MIR), to clarify anatomical variation. Using the mandibles of 37 Japanese cadavers, the lingual depth (LD) between the lingual surface and the line perpendicular to the inferior margin of the mandible (IMM), as well as the vertical distance (VD) between the lingual surface and the IMM or the mental foramen (MF) level, were measured at defined points and lines within the MIR. The definite sublingual fossa (SF) was identified by the LD (≥1.0 mm) and the VD, and the depth and location of the SF were determined. The depth ranged between 1.0 mm and 5.8 mm, and the vertical location ranged between 9.2 mm and 15.7 mm from the IMM and between 2.2 mm and 6.1 mm from the MF level. These results revealed certain tendencies in the depth and location of the SF but the variation was substantial. The SF should be identified in each case as accurately as possible by CT before implant placement in the MIR to minimize the risk of the potential complications.