Genome-wide association meta-analyses identified 1q43 and 2q32.2 for hip Ward's triangle areal bone mineral density

Aiming to identify genomic variants associated with osteoporosis, we performed a genome-wide association meta-analysis of bone mineral density (BMD) at Ward's triangle of the hip in 7175 subjects from 6 samples. We performed in silico replications with femoral neck, trochanter, and inter-trochanter BMDs in 6912 subjects from the Framingham heart study (FHS), and with forearm, femoral neck and lumbar spine BMDs in 32965 subjects from the GEFOS summary results. Combining the evidence from all samples, we identified 2 novel loci for areal BMD: 1q43 (rs1414660, discovery p = 1.20 × 10^− 8, FHS p = 0.05 for trochanter BMD; rs9287237, discovery p = 3.55 × 10^− 7, FHS p = 9.20 × 10^− 3 for trochanter BMD, GEFOS p = 0.02 for forearm BMD, nearest gene FMN2) and 2q32.2 (rs56346965, discovery p = 7.48 × 10^− 7, FHS p = 0.10 for inter-trochanter BMD, GEFOS p = 0.02 for spine BMD, nearest gene NAB1). The two lead SNPs rs1414660 and rs56346965 are eQTL sites for the genes GREM2 and NAB1 respectively. Functional annotation of GREM2 and NAB1 illustrated their involvement in BMP signaling pathway and in bone development. We also replicated three previously reported loci: 5q14.3 (rs10037512, discovery p = 3.09 × 10^− 6, FHS p = 8.50 × 10^− 3, GEFOS p = 1.23 × 10^− 24 for femoral neck BMD, nearest gene MEF2C), 6q25.1 (rs3020340, discovery p = 1.64 × 10^− 6, GEFOS p = 1.69 × 10^− 3 for SPN-BMD, nearest gene ESR1) and 7q21.3 (rs13310130, discovery p = 8.79 × 10^− 7, GEFOS p = 2.61 × 10^− 7 for spine BMD, nearest gene SHFM1). Our findings provide additional insights that further enhance our understanding of bone development, osteoporosis, and fracture pathogenesis.     

麻风病药物治疗的现状及进展

目前的麻风病药物治疗的基础仍然是1981年WHO推荐的联合化疗方案,对于多菌型麻风实施1年疗程的治疗已经被全世界绝大多数国家所接受。但是随着新型活性很强的麻风病治疗药物的发现,麻风病的短程化疗将成为今后发展的方向。麻风病的耐药尽管还没有对现行麻风病药物治疗产生明显威胁,但加强相应的监测和新方案的开发十分必要。     

Influence of maternal and paternal IQ on offspring health and health behaviours: Evidence for some trans-generational associations using the 1958 British birth cohort study

PurposeIndividuals scoring poorly on tests of intelligence (IQ) have been reported as having increased risk of morbidity, premature mortality, and risk factors such as obesity, high blood pressure, poor diet, alcohol and cigarette consumption. Very little is known about the impact of parental IQ on the health and health behaviours of their offspring.MethodsWe explored associations of maternal and paternal IQ scores with offspring television viewing, injuries, hospitalisations, long standing illness, height and BMI at ages 4 to 18 using data from the National Child Development Study (1958 birth cohort).ResultsData were available for 1446 mother-offspring and 822 father-offspring pairs. After adjusting for potential confounding/mediating factors, the children of higher IQ parents were less likely to watch TV (odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for watching 3+ vs. less than 3 hours per week associated with a standard deviation increase in maternal or paternal IQ: 0.75 (0.64, 0.88) or 0.78 (0.64, 0.95) respectively) and less likely to have one or more injuries requiring hospitalisation (0.77 (0.66, 0.90) or 0.72 (0.56, 0.91) respectively for maternal or paternal IQ).ConclusionsChildren whose parents have low IQ scores may have poorer selected health and health behaviours. Health education might usefully be targeted at these families.     

Association of ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes hospital admission with extreme temperature in Nanchang,China—A case-crossover study

Despite consistent evidence of a higher short-term risk of stroke mortality associated with ambient temperature, there are no findings on the association between extreme temperature and stroke. A total of 16,264 stroke hospital admissions were observed in three hospitals of Nanchang between 2008 and 2015. The case-crossover design was utilized for our study. Conditional logistic regression models were used to calculate the odds ratios. Extreme high temperature exposure during the 3 days before the stroke was associated with both ischemic (OR = 1.18; 95% CI: 1.07–1.36) and hemorrhagic stroke admissions (OR = 1.34; 95% CI: 1.26–1.42) as compared to 3-day control periods (1–3 days last week before the onset of stroke). Extreme low temperature was associated with hemorrhagic stroke admission (OR = 1.42; 95% CI: 1.28–1.58) but not ischemic stroke (OR = 1.06; 95% CI: 0.93–1.13). This study suggests that extreme high temperature might be a risk factor for both hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes, and that extreme low temperature might be a risk factor of hemorrhagic stroke. Further studies are necessary in order to clarify this relationship and provide evidence for stroke prevention.     

Systemic immune activation shapes stroke outcome

Stroke is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and activation of the immune system can impact on stroke outcome. Although the majority of research has focused on the role of the immune system after stroke there is increasing evidence to suggest that inflammation and immune activation prior to brain injury can influence stroke risk and outcome. With the high prevalence of co-morbidities in the Western world such as obesity, hypertension and diabetes, pre-existing chronic ‘low-grade’ systemic inflammation has become a customary characteristic of stroke pathophysiology that needs to be considered in the search for new therapies. The importance of the immune system in stroke has been demonstrated in a number of ways, both experimentally and in the clinical setting. This review will focus on the effect of immune activation arising from systemic inflammatory conditions and infection, how it affects the incidence and outcomes of stroke, and the possible underlying mechanisms involved. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration and neurodysfunction'.     

上海市嘉定区贫困精神病人药物治疗情况调查报告

目的调查了解社区精神病人免费服药情况。方法通过对400名社区贫困精神病人随访,比较实行免费药物治疗前后的2年(2004年和2005年)中,在服药依从性、病情稳定情况、劳动能力以及因病所致的经济损失情况的变化,分析实行免费服药后的效果。结果在400例患者中能按医嘱服药的人数从前1年的270例,提高到346例,增加了22%;同时间断服药的患者从前1年的98例,减少到37例,下降了62%;不服药的患者从前1年的32例,减少到17例,不服药率下降了47%。复发率下降了10%。无劳动力的患者下降了4%。误工费用和因病所花费的门诊医药费的损失下降了91%。结论精神病患者需要正规的药物治疗和康复治疗。尤其是贫困精神病患者,更需要政府提供有效和必要的帮助。     

Disease control and prevention in China in the 20th century and prospects for the new millennium

In the first part of the paper, the main achievements and experience of disease control and prevention in China during last 50 years are described. Infectious diseases and parasitosis have been successfully controlled and prevented and people’s health enhanced owing to the establishment of an effective system of public health, the launch of a campaign called “Patriotic Public Health”, immunization planning, and the improvement of economic and environmental conditions. In the second part, the challenges to public health in China are presented. The threat from old and emerging infectious diseases, especially sexually transmitted diseases, a sustained increase in the prevalence of chronic non-infectious diseases (cardiovascular diseases tumors and diseases of the respiratory system), environmental problems and the health problems of aging are discussed. Finally, strategies for disease control and prevention in the new century is suggested.     

上海市闵行区糖尿病管理模式探索

目的探索适合闵行区实际的糖尿病管理模式。方法在按照上海市疾控中心要求开展示范点糖尿病管理的基础上,在全区普遍开展分级管理,在试点社区开展自我管理和群组看病。结果在城市社区建立了自我管理模式、在农村社区建立了群组看病模式的糖尿病管理体系。结论闵行区地域面积大,经济文化背景较为复杂,需要探索不同的管理方法以适应不同糖尿病患者的需求。