Regulation of glucose transporter-4 intervention with S. saman leaves extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Diabetes mellitus is the leading disorder and affects more than millions of people worldwide. Nowadays, the usage of herbal drugs is said to control adiposity and hyperglycemia. The current research investigated the anti-adiposity and antidiabetic activity of S. saman leaf extract and bioactive compounds. Therefore, the results lower the sugar absorption into the blood and reveal the extract's antidiabetic properties. STZ-induced diabetic rats, Samanea saman methanolic extract show improvement in the parameters like fasting blood glucose levels, body weight, other biochemical parameters supported by the histopathological analysis, and an increase in serum levels in the experimental groups. The antioxidant plays a vital role by increasing SOD and catalase activity levels and decreasing lipid peroxidation levels. The methanolic extract protects the tissue from oxidation stress, which is responsible for the glycemic properties. According to the findings, diabetic-treated rats had overnight blood glucose levels lower and near standard biochemical markers. Histopathology of the liver, pancreas, kidneys, and adipose tissues supported the pharmacological observations.Further, we screened and documented S. saman extract used for in vitro and in vivo methods. In terms of effectiveness, the crude extracts exhibit 0.8-fold GLUT4 down-regulation. Consequently, this result contributes to clinical trials and develops antidiabetic therapy as a substitute for synthetic pharmaceuticals.     

Protective activities of ellagic acid and urolithins against kidney toxicity of environmental pollutants: A review

Oxidative stress and inflammation are two possible mechanisms related to nephrotoxicity caused by environmental pollutants. Ellagic acid, a powerful antioxidant phytochemical, may have great relevance in mitigating pollutant-induced nephrotoxicity and preventing the progression of kidney disease. This review discusses the latest findings on the protective effects of ellagic acid, its metabolic derivatives, the urolithins, against kidney toxicity caused by heavy metals, pesticides, mycotoxins, and organic air pollutants. We describe the chelating, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, antiautophagic, and antiapoptotic properties of ellagic acid to attenuate nephrotoxicity. Furthermore, we present the molecular targets and signaling pathways that are regulated by these antioxidants, and suggest some others that should be explored. Nevertheless, the number of reports is still limited to establish the efficacy of ellagic acid against kidney damage induced by environmental pollutants. Therefore, additional preclinical studies on this topic are required, as well as the development of well-designed clinical trials.     

Regenerative matching axial vascularisation of absorbable 3D-printed scaffold for large bone defects: A first in human series

BackgroundWe describe the first clinical series of a novel bone replacement technique based on regenerative matching axial vascularisation (RMAV). This was used in four cases: a tibial defect after treatment of osteomyelitis; a calvarial defect after trauma and failed titanium cranioplasty; a paediatric tibial defect after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and resection of Ewing sarcoma; and a paediatric mandibular deficiency resulting from congenital hemifacial microsomia.MethodAll patients underwent reconstruction with three-dimensional (3D)-printed medical-grade polycaprolactone and tricalcium phosphate (mPCL-TCP) scaffolds wrapped in vascularised free corticoperiosteal flaps.OutcomeFunctional volumes of load-sharing regenerate bone have formed in all cases after a moderate duration of follow-up. At 36 cm, case 1 remains the longest segment of load bearing bone ever successfully reconstructed. This technique offers an alternative to existing methods of large volume bone defect reconstruction that may be safe, reliable, and give predictable outcomes in challenging situations. It achieves this by using a bioresorbable scaffold to support and direct the growth of regenerate bone, driven by RMAV.ConclusionThis technique may facilitate the reconstruction of bone defects previously thought unreconstructable, reduce the risk of long-term implant-related complications and achieve these outcomes in a hostile environment. These potential benefits must now be formally tested in prospective clinical trials.     

Intestinal Dysbiosis in the Infant and the Future of Lacto-Engineering to Shape the Developing Intestinal Microbiome

PurposeThe goal of this study was to review the role of human milk in shaping the infant intestinal microbiota and the potential of human milk bioactive molecules to reverse trends of increasing intestinal dysbiosis and dysbiosis-associated diseases.MethodsThis narrative review was based on recent and historic literature.FindingsHuman milk immunoglobulins, oligosaccharides, lactoferrin, lysozyme, milk fat globule membranes, and bile salt–stimulating lipase are complex multifunctional bioactive molecules that, among other important functions, shape the composition of the infant intestinal microbiota.ImplicationsThe co-evolution of human milk components and human milk–consuming commensal anaerobes many thousands of years ago resulted in a stable low-diversity infant microbiota. Over the past century, the introduction of antibiotics and modern hygiene practices plus changes in the care of newborns have led to significant alterations in the intestinal microbiota, with associated increases in risk of dysbiosis-associated disease. A better understanding of mechanisms by which human milk shapes the intestinal microbiota of the infant during a vulnerable period of development of the immune system is needed to alter the current trajectory and decrease intestinal dysbiosis and associated diseases.