Inequalities in the Distribution of Childhood Adversity From Birth to 11 Years

ObjectiveExposure to early adversity carries long term harmful consequences for children's health and development. This study aims to 1) estimate the prevalence of childhood adversity for Australian children from infancy to 10–11 years, and 2) document inequalities in the distribution of adversity according to socioeconomic position (SEP), Indigenous status, and ethnicity.MethodsAdversity was assessed every 2 years from 0–1 to 10–11 years in the nationally representative birth cohort of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (N = 5107). Adversity included legal problems; family violence; household mental illness; household substance abuse; harsh parenting; parental separation/divorce; unsafe neighborhood; family member death; and bullying (from 4 to 5 years). Adversities were examined individually and summed for a measure of multiple adversity (2+ adverse experiences).ResultsBy 10–11 years, 52.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 51.0–54.7) of children had been exposed to 2 or more adversities. When combined with low SEP, children from ethnic minority and from Indigenous backgrounds had 4 to 8 times the odds of exposure to 2 or more adversities than children from higher SEP Anglo-Euro backgrounds, respectively (odds ratio [OR] 4.3, 95% CI 2.8–6.6 and OR 8.1, 95% CI 4.4–14.8). Ethnic minority and Indigenous children from higher SEP backgrounds had increased odds of exposure to multiple adversity than similarly advantaged Anglo-Euro children (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.4–2.3 and OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.3–4.3, respectively).ConclusionsAddressing early adversity is a significant opportunity to promote health over the life course, and reduce health inequalities experienced by marginalized groups of children.     

Clinical and genetic characteristics of unusual G12P[11] rotavirus strains recovered from neonates: A study from Pune,Western India

Rotavirus infections in neonates are generally nosocomial, and differ from pediatric infections both clinically and epidemiologically. These infections are predominantly asymptomatic and often associated with unusual strains. Globally, so far limited data is available on rotavirus infections in neonates admitted at Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. The aim of the present study is to determine the prevalence of rotavirus among neonates and to study their genetic characteristics. Stool specimens (n = 701) collected from neonates (n = 621) admitted during April 2016 to March 2018 mainly for prematurity, low birth weight and associated respiratory distress syndrome from two hospitals from Pune were tested for rotavirus, genotyped and representative strains were sequenced for the genes encoding outer capsid proteins, VP7 and VP4. Rotavirus was detected in 24.31% neonates. Majority of rotavirus infected neonates (98.68%) were asymptomatic. Peak rotavirus antigen detection (91.38%) occurred during the first 2 weeks of admission. Low, very low and normal birth weight neonates with gestational age ≥28 weeks had significantly higher rotavirus infection than those with extreme low birth weight with gestational age <28 weeks. Rotaviral infections occurred almost evenly throughout the year without an apparent peak in colder months. Predominance of unusual G12P[11] strains (97.1%) was observed. Phylogenetic analysis of the partial VP7 coding gene revealed all G12 strains clustered in lineage III and shared 96.94%–100% (nucleotide) and 96.26%–100% (amino acid) identities among themselves, and 95.69%–98.98% (nucleotide) and 94.77%–98.98% (amino acid) with other lineage III G12 strains respectively. Similarly VP4 partial gene sequences of P[11] study strains shared 97.5%–100% (nucleotide and amino acid) identities among themselves and highest 93.34%–94.53% (nucleotide) and 93.57%–94.64% (amino acid) identity with vaccine strain 116E, G9P[11]. The study highlights high frequency of unusual G12P[11] strains among neonates for the first time in western India and reaffirms limited strain diversity in this population. The knowledge of neonatal strains is important for estimating the efficacies of rotavirus vaccines.     

Efficacy of home-based physical activity interventions in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis

IntroductionPhysical activity (PA) has been receiving increasing interest in recent years as an adjuvant therapy for autoimmune rheumatic disease (ARDs), but there is scarce information about the efficacy of home-based PA for patients with ARDs.ObjectiveTo perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on the efficacy of home-based physical activity (PA) interventions in improving health-related quality of life, functional capacity, pain, and disease activity in patients with ARDs.MethodsSearches were performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane, CINAHL database and Sport Discus. Trials were considered eligible if they included a home-based physical activity intervention. The population included adults with autoimmune rheumatic diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, systemic sclerosis and ankylosing spondylitis), comparisons included non-physical activity control or centre-based interventions (i.e., interventions performed on a specialized exercise centre) and the outcomes were quality of life, pain, functional capacity, disease activity and inflammation.ResultsHome-based physical activity improved quality of life (p<0.01; g = 0.69; IC95%, 0.61 to 1.07) and functional capacity (p = 0.04; g = - 0.51; IC95%, -0.86; -0.16), and reduced disease activity (p = 0.03; g = - 0.60; IC95%, -1.16; -0.04) and pain (p = 0.01; g = -1.62; IC95%, -2.94 to -0.31) compared to the non-physical activity control condition. Additionally, home-based physical activity interventions were as effective as centre-based interventions for all investigated outcomes.ConclusionHome-based PA is an efficacious strategy to improve disease control and aleviate symptoms in ARD.     

Acute post-traumatic muscle atrophy on CT scan predicts prolonged mechanical ventilation and a worse outcome in severe trauma patients

BackgroundThe aim of present study was to assess the association between acute post-traumatic atrophy (APTMA) determined on psoas computed tomography [CT] scan and the duration of mechanical ventilation and outcomes in severe trauma patients.MethodsA retrospective analysis of severe trauma patients (Injury Severity Score [ISS], >15) hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) for more than 7 days between January 2010 and December 2015 was performed. The psoas muscle index (PMI) was measured on admission and at delayed CT scan. ΔPMI was calculated as the percentage PMI loss between these two scans. Three groups were defined and compared a posteriori using the quartiles of the ΔPMI values: low (lower quartile), moderate, and severe (higher quartile) APTMA groups. Linear regression analysis was performed to predict the duration of mechanical ventilation, of catecholamines, length of stay (LOS) in the ICU and hospital, and complications were assessed.ResultsA total of 114 trauma patients were included (median age, 40 years; [IQR, 25–54 years]; ISS, 33 [IQR, 25–41]). Based on the ΔPMI determination, 29 patients were allocated in the low APTMA group (range ?PMI, 0%–6%), 56 in the moderate APTMA group (range ?PMI, 6%–18%), and 29 in the APTMA group (range ?PMI, ≥19%). Severity of APTMA was significantly associated with the duration of mechanical ventilation and catecholamines, ICU and hospital LOS (P<0.001). Delayed pneumonia (P=0.006) and other delayed infections (P=0.014), as well as thromboembolic events (P=0.04) were statistically associated with the severity of APTMA, whereas mortality did not differ between the three groups (P=0.20). Using linear regression analysis, each ?PMI increase of 1% was significantly associated with 0.90 supplementary days of mechanical ventilation (P<0.001), 0.29 supplementary days of catecholamines (P<0.001) and 0.82 supplementary days of hospitalization (P<0.001). All these statistical associations were confirmed in multivariate analysis (P<0.001).ConclusionAcute muscle atrophy diagnosed on CT scan by psoas area measurement (ΔPMI) was strongly associated with poor outcomes in severe trauma patients.     

Localization of motor and verbal fluency effects in subthalamic DBS for Parkinson's disease

IntroductionSubthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN DBS) improves cardinal motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) but can worsen verbal fluency (VF). An optimal site of stimulation for overall motor improvement has been previously identified using an atlas-independent, fully individualized, field-modeling approach. This study examines if cardinal motor components (bradykinesia, tremor, and rigidity) share this identified optimal improvement site and if there is co-localization with a site that worsens VF.MethodsAn atlas-independent, field-modeling approach was used to identify sites of maximal STN DBS effect on overall and cardinal motor symptoms and VF in 60 patients. Anatomic coordinates were referenced to the STN midpoint. Symptom severity was assessed with the MDS-UPDRS part III and established VF scales.ResultsSites for improved bradykinesia and rigidity co-localized with each other and the overall part III site (0.09 mm lateral, 0.93 mm posterior, 1.75 mm dorsal). The optimal site for tremor was posterior to this site (0.10 mm lateral, 1.40 mm posterior, 1.93 mm dorsal). Semantic and phonemic VF sites were indistinguishable and co-localized medial to the motor sites (0.32 mm medial, 1.18 mm posterior, 1.74 mm dorsal).ConclusionThis study identifies statistically distinct, maximally effective stimulation sites for tremor improvement, VF worsening, and overall and other cardinal motor improvements in STN DBS. Current electrode sizes and voltage settings stimulate all of these sites simultaneously. However, future targeted lead placement and focused directional stimulation may avoid VF worsening while maintaining motor improvements in STN DBS.     

Deep learning with biopsy whole slide images for pretreatment prediction of pathological complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer：A multicenter study

IntroductionPredicting pathological complete response (pCR) for patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is crucial in establishing individualized treatment. Whole-slide images (WSIs) of tumor tissues reflect the histopathologic information of the tumor, which is important for therapeutic response effectiveness. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether predictive information for pCR could be detected from WSIs.Materials and methodsWe retrospectively collected data from four cohorts of 874 patients diagnosed with biopsy-proven breast cancer. A deep learning pathological model (DLPM) was constructed to predict pCR using biopsy WSIs in the primary cohort, and it was then validated in three external cohorts. The DLPM could generate a deep learning pathological score (DLPs) for each patient; stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were selected for comparison with DLPs.ResultsThe WSI feature-based DLPM showed good predictive performance with the highest area under the curve (AUC) of 0.72 among the cohorts. Alternatively, the combination of the DLPM and clinical characteristics offered a better prediction performance (AUC >0.70) in all cohorts. We also evaluated the performance of DLPM in three different breast subtypes with the best prediction for the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype (AUC: 0.73). Moreover, DLPM combined with clinical characteristics and stromal TILs achieved the highest AUC in the primary cohort (AUC: 0.82) and validation cohort 1 (AUC: 0.80).ConclusionOur study suggested that WSIs integrated with deep learning could potentially predict pCR to NAC in breast cancer. The predictive performance will be improved by combining clinical characteristics. DLPs from DLPM can provide more information compared to stromal TILs for pCR prediction.