老年人健康自评影响因素及人群归因危险度的系统评价

目的系统评价老年人健康自评的影响因素及其影响程度。方法计算机检索MEDLINE、EMbase、CBM、CNKI、VIP和WanFang Data,收集国内外1960年1月至2011年4月公开发表的关于老年人健康自评影响因素的研究文献。采用相对危险度(RR)或比值比(OR)作为相关性分析合并统计量,并应用相关性分析合并统计量(RR或OR)和总体人群暴露率估计某影响因素的人群归因危险度百分比。采用RevMan 5.1软件进行Meta分析。结果纳入12个研究,35 349例研究对象。其中10个研究在中国完成,其余2个研究分别来自于巴西和美国;11个为横断面研究,1个为队列研究。导致老年人健康自评差的主要因素及OR值(95%CI)为生活需要照料12.1(06.31,23.20)、糖尿病6.49(3.21,13.09)、冠心病5.60(1.07,29.42);而人群归因危险度排名前三位的因素依次为冠心病(53.91%)、半年前患病(52.56%)和慢性疾病(50.09%)。因符合纳入标准的研究较少,未能作亚组分析。结论现有证据显示,老年人健康自评差的主要影响因素为慢性疾病,但由于纳入研究数量有限,且主要为横断面研究,因果论证强度不足,故目前尚不能确定老年人健康自评的影响因素及其影响程度,期待更多前瞻性队列研究提供高质量证据。     

Spectral CT Imaging–Based Quantification of Iodized Oil Retention following Chemoembolization: Phantom and Animal Studies

PurposeTo evaluate accuracy of iodine quantification using spectral CT and the potential of quantitative iodized oil analysis as an imaging biomarker of chemoembolization.Materials and MethodsA phantom of an artificial liver with 6 artificial tumors containing different amounts of iodized oil (0–8 vol%) was scanned by spectral CT, and iodized oil density (mg/mL) and Hounsfield unit (HU) values were measured. In addition, VX2 hepatoma was induced in 23 rabbits. After chemoembolization using iodized oil chemoemulsion, the rabbits were scanned by spectral CT. The accumulation of iodized oil in the tumor was quantified in terms of iodized oil density and HUs, and the performances in predicting a pathologic complete response (CR) were evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curve analyses.ResultsThe mean difference between true iodine densities and spectral image–based measurements was 0.5 mg/mL. Mean HU values were highly correlated with mean iodine density (r² = 1.000, P < .001). In the animal study, a pathologic CR was observed in 17 of 23 rabbits (73.9%). The range of area under the curve values of iodine and HU measurements was 0.863–0.882. A tumoral iodine density of 3.57 mg/mL, which corresponds to 0.7 vol% iodized oil in the tumor, predicted a pathologic CR with a sensitivity of 70.6% and a specificity of 100.0%.ConclusionsSpectral CT imaging has a potential to predict tumor responses after chemoembolization by quantitatively assessing iodized oil in targets.     

Broncho-Vaxom in pediatric recurrent respiratory tract infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis

ObjectivesAssess the efficacy and safety of Broncho-Vaxom in pediatric recurrent respiratory tract infections (RRTIs).MethodsPublished randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of Broncho-Vaxom for pediatric RRTI were searched using PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CBM, CNKI, WanFang Data, and VIP databases up to January 2017. Risk of bias was evaluated in accordance to the guidelines of the Cochrane collaboration and the level of evidence was graded according to the GRADE.Results53 RCTs involving 4851 pediatric patients were included in this meta-analysis. It showed that Broncho-Vaxom was positively correlated with a reduction in the frequency of respiratory infection [MD = − 2.33, 95% CI (− 2.75, − 1.90), P < 0.00001] compared to the control group. The Broncho-Vaxom group was more effective than control groups in relation to the duration of antibiotics course, infections, fever, cough, and wheezing, increasing serum immunoglobulin levels (IgG, IgA or IgM), and T-lymphocytes subtype (CD3 +, CD4 +, or CD8 +). However, Broncho-Vaxom had higher adverse event rates [RR = 1.39, 95% CI (1.02, 1.88), P = 0.04]; these were not serious and did not influence the treatment course.ConclusionBroncho-Vaxom shows a good efficacy for pediatric RRTIs on the basis of routine therapy (e.g. anti-infection and antiviral therapy). However, the level of evidence was low and more international multicenter clinical trials are needed to explore the efficacy and safety of Broncho-Vaxom.     

A practical approach to evidence-based dentistry: How to search for evidence to inform clinical decisions

Background and OverviewKnowing how to search for evidence that can inform clinical decisions is a fundamental skill for the practice of evidence-based dentistry. There are many available types of evidence-based resources, characterized by their degrees of coverage of preappraised or summarized evidence at varying levels of processing, from primary studies to systematic reviews and clinical guidelines. The practice of evidence-based dentistry requires familiarity with these resources. In this article, the authors describe the process of searching for evidence: defining the question, identifying the question's nature and main components, and selecting the study design that best addresses the question.Practice ImplicationsDentists who wish to inform their decisions with the current best evidence can use these guidelines to define their questions of interest and search efficiently for this evidence.     

Surgical outcomes of gastrectomy with D1 lymph node dissection performed for patients with unfavorable clinical conditions

BackgroundGastric cancer (GC) patients with advanced age and/or multiple morbidities have limited expected survival and may not benefit from extended lymph node resection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the surgical outcomes of these GC patients who underwent gastrectomy with D1 dissection.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed all GC patients who underwent gastrectomy with curative intent from 2009 to 2017. The decision to perform D1 was based on preoperative multidisciplinary meeting, and/or intraoperative clinical judgment.ResultsAmong 460 enrolled patients, 73 (15.9%) underwent D1 lymphadenectomy and 387 (84.1%) D2 lymphadenectomy. Male gender, older age, American Society of Anesthesiologists score (ASA) III/IV, higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and higher Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) were more common in the D1 group. Postoperative major complications were significantly higher in D1 group (24.7% vs 12.4%, p < 0.001) and mostly related to clinical complications. Locoregional recurrence was higher in the D1 group (53.8% vs 39.5%, p = 0.330) however, without statistical significance. No difference was found in disease-free survival (DFS) between D1 and D2 patients with positive lymph nodes (p = 0.192), whereas overall survival was longer in the D2 group (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed a statistically significant impact on survival of age ≥70 years, CCI ≥5, total gastrectomy, D1 lymphadenectomy and advanced stages (III/IV).ConclusionsFrail patients had high surgical mortality even when submitted to D1 dissection. DFS was comparable to D2. Extent of lymphadenectomy in high-risk patients should take in account the expectation of a decrease in surgical risk with the possibility of impairment of long-term survival.     

Thalidomide Combined with Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization (TACE) for Intermediate or Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: a Systematic Review and GRADE Approach

Objective:According to current guidelines, there is no clear second-line treatment for advanced liver cancer.In practice, clinicians have attempted to use thalidomide(TLD) combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization(TACE) for treating liver cancer. This study aims to assess the clinical efficacy and safety of TLD combined with TACEin patients with intermediate or advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods: Medline, Embase, the Cochrane CentralRegister of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), database of ClinicalTrials.gov, CBM, CNKI, VIP and Wanfang databasewere searched for eligible studies. Criteria for inclusion in our meta-analysis included a study that patients diagnosedwith intermediate or advanced HCC, the use of TACE plus TLD or its derivatives, and the availability of outcomedata for survival. A meta-analysis was conducted to summarize the evidences of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).And finally, the GRADE approach was used to assess the quality of these evidences. Results: Twelve RCTs involving894 Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) patients were included. The meta-analysis results showed that TACE plus TLD wassignificantly superior than TACE alone in terms of 12-month survival rate (OR=2.55, 95% CI:1.78-3.64, P<0.01), 24-monthsurvival rate (OR=2.95, 95% CI:1.96-4.44, P<0.01), 36-month survival rate (OR=2.95, 95% CI:1.41-6.19, P<0.004),progression-free survival (PFS) (MD=2.23, 95% CI:1.19-3.28 , P<0.001), objective response rate (OR=1.84, 95%CI:1.34-2.52, P<0.0001), and disease control rate (OR=2.68, 95% CI:1.80-3.99). Subgroup analysis demonstratedno differences across related outcomes. Sensitivity analyses showed no important differences in the estimates ofeffects. Quality of evidence for all outcomes was rated moderate to very low after applying GRADE approach.Conclusions: Current evidence seemed to support the suggestion that TACE plus TLD as the second line treatment forpatients with intermediate or advanced HCC. However, this finding is not definitive due to the poor quality of includedstudies, more carefully designed and conducted RCTs are warranted to confirm above conclusions.     

偏倚风险评估系列:(三)交叉设计随机对照试验

针对交叉设计随机对照试验Cochrane偏倚评估工具2.0版本（RoB2.0）的主要内容进行详细介绍,主要阐述了与平行设计RoB2.0的不同之处,并举例说明交叉设计RoB2.0的使用方法和注意事项。交叉设计RoB2.0针对交叉设计的自身特点,设置了相应的信号问题,为交叉设计试验纳入系统综述进行证据整合提供偏倚风险信息。