Single-cell transcriptome atlas reveals protective characteristics of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine

Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines are promising alternatives to conventional vaccines in many aspects. We previously developed a lipopolyplex (LPP)-based mRNA vaccine (SW0123) that demonstrated robust immunogenicity and strong protective capacity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in mice and rhesus macaques. However, the immune profiles and mechanisms of pulmonary protection induced by SW0123 remain unclear. Through high-resolution single-cell analysis, we found that SW0123 vaccination effectively suppressed SARS-CoV-2-induced inflammatory responses by inhibiting the recruitment of proinflammatory macrophages and increasing the frequency of polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells. In addition, the apoptotic process in both lung epithelial and endothelial cells was significantly inhibited, which was proposed to be one major mechanism contributing to vaccine-induced lung protection. Cell−cell interaction in the lung compartment was also altered by vaccination. These data collectively unravel the mechanisms by which the SW0123 protects against lung damage caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection.     

Pretreatment with 3-methyladenine ameliorated Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced acute pneumonia by inhibiting cell death of neutrophils in a mouse infection model

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections worldwide. Clinical isolates that are resistant to multiple antimicrobials make it intractable. The interactions between P. aeruginosa and host cell death have multiple effects on bacterial clearance and inflammation; however, the potential intervention effects remain to be defined. Herein, we demonstrated that intravenous administration of 3-methyladenine before, but not after, P. aeruginosa infection enhanced autophagy-independent survival, which was accompanied by a decrease in the bacterial load, alleviation of pathology and reduction in inflammatory cytokines, in an acute pneumonia mouse model. Interestingly, these beneficial effects were not dependent on neutrophil recruitment or phagocytosis, but on the enhanced killing capacity induced by inhibiting the cell death of 3-MA pretreated neutrophils. These findings demonstrate a novel protective role of 3-MA pretreatment in P. aeruginosa-induced acute pneumonia.     

A contemporary review of “realistic” success rates after surgical closure of nasal septal perforations

ObjectiveThe surgical closure of septal perforations is a challenging procedure. Various techniques exist. Each perforation proves that there is not the one precise procedure for all perforations. Nevertheless, success rates of about 90% are reported, although the procedure for closing the defect is challenging. Our goal was to evaluate the existing data.MethodsWe performed a contemporary review of published closure rates of septal perforations on order to compare the present results in the literature. The limitations of the respective studies were analyzed.ResultsWe found closure rates from 30 to 100%. Numerous procedures were described and combined. Prospective studies comparing different techniques are missing. The follow-up time in studies was quite short or not even specified. Studies on long-term success rates are rare.ConclusionThe closure of septal defects is one of the most challenging rhinosurgical interventions. Closure rates ≥90% as described in literature seem relatively high. One reason might be short follow-ups and retrospective study designs. Frequently, precise information on the follow-up and the method of follow up is missing. Thoroughly designed prospective studies are absent. Longer follow-up times are associated with lower complete closure rates. A long-term success rate between 70 and 80% seems realistic.     

不同提取方法对丁香精油体外杀螨效果的影响

目的探讨不同提取方法获取的丁香精油对蠕形螨的体外抑杀效果。方法采用水蒸气蒸馏法、乙醇回流法和超临界二氧化碳萃取法获取丁香精油;采用挤黏结合法获取蠕形螨;镜下观察丁香精油对人体蠕形螨的抑杀效果。结果3种提取方法获取的丁香精油对蠕形螨均有较好的抑杀效果,差异无统计学意义,但是超临界二氧化碳萃取法与水蒸气蒸馏法对两种人体蠕形螨抑杀效果比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．005）,3种提取方法获取的丁香精油对两种人体蠕形螨的抑杀效果与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．005）。超临界二氧化碳萃取法获取的丁香精油含量最高,3～5min内抑杀效果优于其他方法。结论超临界二氧化碳萃取法因提取率高,提取时间短,无溶剂残留,抑杀蠕形螨效果好,是选择和应用含挥发油类中药材进行抑杀蠕形螨实验的一种首选提取方法。     

Modélisation fonctionnelle adaptée à l’analyse des risques en radiothérapie

PurposeThis document presents a systematic and structured approach for functional modeling for risk analysis in radiotherapy, aiming to reconcile the need, on one hand, for a method that can be applied generally and, on the other hand, for a method that provides a highly precise model.Materials and methodsThe approach relies on new functional structuring patterns and flux analysis, derived from system engineering and knowledge engineering.ResultsThe method affords strong support for the development of detailed models of the patient's process through a department of radiotherapy. Lack of structure of the actual process in a particular department may be easily identified leading to the development of specific procedures for the improvement of security.ConclusionModeling approach derived from engineering may be used for functional modeling for risk analysis in radiotherapy.