大鼠骨骼肌钝挫伤模型的超声造影图像特征与微血管分布的相关性分析

目的 建立重物打击致大鼠骨骼肌钝挫伤模型,动态观察大鼠骨骼肌在损伤修复不同时期肌肉组织的超声造影（CEUS）图像特征,通过计算机辅助定量分析造影剂平均回声强度值（Mean）变化,并与微血管平均光密度值(MVD)进行相关分析。方法 将48只SD大鼠随机分为8组,其中6只大鼠作为正常对照组,余42只大鼠作为实验组,以自制重力锤选定右侧股直肌肌腹中段为打击中心,采用自由落体击落架,用800g的重物,一次性自由落体,建立大鼠下肢骨骼肌钝挫伤模型,分别于损伤后1 h、12h、24h、48h、7d、14d、28d时行CEUS检查,并利用计算机辅助定量分析CEUS图像变化特征,获得各组受损骨骼肌造影剂平均回声强度值（Mean）。在每个时间节点将该组大鼠全部处死,并切取损伤肌肉组织进行HE染色以及通过评估各组织CD34免疫组化来计算微血管平均光密度值（MVD）。结果 （1）CEUS图像变化：损伤后1h-12h各组大鼠打击部位肌肉造影剂信号微弱,可见充盈缺损;损伤后24h组损伤区造影剂呈星点状分布,为弱增强;48h组造影剂表现为斑片状分布,为轻度增强;损伤后7d组损伤区造影剂信号密集增多,呈高增强;损伤后14d组损伤区造影剂信号较7d组减少,呈轻度增强,损伤后28d组,造影剂信号进一步减少,与对照组相似,呈弱增强。（2）计算机辅助定量分析CEUS图像的Mean变化：与对照组比较,损伤后1h、12h、24h各组损伤区内Mean均明显减低（14.99±3.65 vs 3.99±0.97、14.99±3.65 vs 5.74±1.68 、14.99±3.65 vs 5.55±1.62),P均＜0.05;损伤后48h组损伤区Mean增高（14.99±3.65 vs 20.02±7.41）,P＞0.05;损伤后7d组损伤区Mean明显增高（14.99±3.65 vs 59.98±10.13）,P＜0.05;损伤后14d组损伤区Mean较7d组减低,（14.99±3.65 vs 27.11±4.67）,P＜0.05;损伤后28d组,Mean接近正常对照组水平（14.99 ±3.65 vs 16.02±3.97）,P＞0.05。 （3）各实验组损伤区Mean与微血管平均光密度值（MVD）具有线性正相关（r=0.840,P＜0.001）。结论 重物打击建立的大鼠下肢骨骼肌钝挫伤模型,在损伤后1h-48h肌肉炎症反应明显,7d-28d呈修复趋势。超声造影（CEUS）可动态观察受损骨骼肌不同时期的微循环灌注演变,计算机辅助图像分析可快速定量描述超声造影剂平均回声强度值变化,且与肌肉内微血管分布规律相关性较好。     

海水淹溺性肺损伤机制的研究进展

溺水是重要的公共安全问题,是全球意外死亡三大原因之一。肺损伤是溺水患者最常见的并发症之一,其主要表现为严重的呼吸困难和低氧血症,近1/3的患者最终进展为急性肺损伤或急性呼吸窘迫综合症。肺泡上皮细胞是肺泡-毛细血管屏障重要组成部分,淹溺导致其结构和功能的完整性直接破坏促进了肺水肿的发生,同时肺毛细血管通透性增加,中性粒细胞和单核细胞等大量渗出聚集加剧肺内炎症反应。此外,机体氧化应激、细胞间连接和通讯等肺外机制也可导致肺损伤。本文就海水淹溺性肺损伤的相关机制研究进展进行了综述。     

The value of ‘binder-off’ imaging to identify occult and unexpected pelvic ring injuries

AimsTo determine the effectiveness of ‘binder-off’ plain pelvic radiographs in the assessment of pelvic ring injuries.Patients and methodsAll patients requiring operative intervention at our tertiary referral pelvic unit/major trauma centre for high-energy pelvic injuries between April 2012 and December 2014 were retrospectively identified. Pre-operative pelvic imaging with and without pelvic binder was reviewed with respect to fracture pattern and pelvic stability. The frequency with which the imaging without pelvic binder changed the opinion of the pelvic stability and need for operative intervention, when compared with the computed tomography (CT) scans and anteroposterior (AP) radiographs with the binder on, was assessed.ResultsSeventy-three percent (71 of 97) of patients had initial imaging with a pelvic binder in situ. Of these, 76% (54 of 71) went on to have ‘binder-off’ imaging. Seven percent (4 of 54) of patients had unexpected unstable pelvic ring injuries identified on ‘binder-off’ imaging that were not identified on CT imaging in binder.ConclusionsTrauma CT imaging of the pelvis with a pelvic binder in place is inadequate at excluding unstable pelvic ring injuries, and, based on the original findings in this paper, we recommend additional plain film ‘binder-off’ radiographs, when there is any clinical concern.     

人工智能在病理学教学中的应用

病理学属于基础医学学科,它着重研究疾病的起因、形态结构改变以及由这些变化引起的机体功能改变,为临床诊断提供依据,是基础医学与临床医学之间的重要纽带和过渡,其教学质量对后续临床实践起到举足轻重的作用,病理学教学也从传统的教学模式发展出混合式教学、虚拟病理实验室、互联网+等多种教学模式。近年来随着人工智能在医疗医学行业的飞速发展,其技术已广泛应用到医疗领域的各个方面,培养适应智能化医疗时代的新型病理人才刻不容缓。文章研究从病理学科教学工作的特点和性质入手,结合我国病理学人工智能应用现状,分析了中国目前病理专业技能培养的现状,为人工智能在病理人才专业技能与素质培养的应用中提供启发。     

Preexisting psychiatric illness worsens acute care outcomes after orthopaedic trauma in obese patients

PurposePre-existing psychiatric illness, illicit drug use, and alcohol abuse adversely impact patients with orthopaedic trauma injuries. Obesity is an independent factor associated with poorer clinical outcomes and discharge disposition, and higher hospital resource use. It is not known whether interactions exist between pre-existing illness, illicit drug use and obesity on acute trauma care outcomes.Patients and methodsThis cohort study is from orthopaedic trauma patients prospectively measured over 10 years (N = 6353). Psychiatric illness, illicit drug use and alcohol were classified by presence or absence. Body mass index (BMI) was analyzed as both a continuous and categorical measure (<30 kg/m² [non-obese], 30–39.9 kg/m² [obese] and ≥40 kg/m² [morbidly obese]). Main outcomes were the number of acute care services provided, length of stay (LOS), discharge home, hospital readmissions, and mortality in the hospital.ResultsStatistically significant BMI by pre-existing condition (psychiatric illness, illicit drug use) interactions existed for LOS and number of acute care services provided (β values 0.012–0.098; all p < 0.05). The interaction between BMI and psychiatric illness was statistically significant for discharge to locations other than home (β = 0.023; p = 0.001).DiscussionObese patients with orthopaedic trauma, particularly with preexisting mental health conditions, will require more hospital resources and longer care than patients without psychiatric illness. Early identification of these patients through screening for psychiatric illness and history of illicit drug use at admission is imperative to mobilize the resources and provide psychosocial support to facilitate the recovery trajectory of affected obese patients.     

Combat surgery: Status of tactical abbreviated surgical control

Traditionally injury care meant definitive repair following surgical exploration. However the outcome is poor because of deranged physiology in severely injured. Damage control surgery (DCS) is abbreviated initial procedure with subsequent correction of physiological imbalance, followed by definite repair.Tactical abbreviated surgical control (TASC) is application of principles of DCS techniques in the tactical environment. TASC is applied because of patient related factors (classic damage control) and limitations due to tactical reasons. Non-patient related factors only seen in tactical setting are, large numbers of patients arriving in short span, mobility of forward medical units, limitation of resources, and hostile environment. TASC involves only phase one of classical DCS. Complete correction of physiological imbalances and definitive surgery is carried out at a better equipped static hospital. TASC has shown to improve survival, extends benefit to greater number and helps to conserve precious resources. However TASC has its own limitations.