Baby Gate–Related Injuries Among Children in the United States, 1990–2010

ObjectiveBaby gates are one of the most widely used home safety products to protect children from home hazards. The objective was to describe the epidemiology of baby gate and barrier-associated injuries among children. It was hypothesized that injuries experienced by children ages ≤2 years and those >2 years were significantly different as a result of differences in gate interactions.MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted by using nationally representative data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System. A total of 1188 actual cases were reviewed and national estimates generated.ResultsAn estimated 37,673 children were treated in emergency departments for injuries associated with gates, yielding an average of 1794 cases annually. The incidence of gate-related injuries increased significantly from 3.9 per 100,000 children in 1990 to 12.5 per 100,000 children in 2010 (P < .001). Patients were primarily boys (61.0%) and were <2 years of age (60.4%). Patients <2 years of age were most often injured by falls down stairs (odds ratio 6.72; 95% confidence interval 6.32–7.16) after the collapse of the gate. Patients aged 2 to 6 were most often injured by contact with the gate (odds ratio 2.03; 95% confidence interval 1.95–2.12), resulting in open wounds (55.4%) and soft-tissue injuries (24.2%).ConclusionsGiven the clear dichotomy between injury characteristics of patients aged <2 years and patients aged 2 to 6 years of age, as well as the prevalence of preventable injuries, greater efforts are needed to promote proper usage, ensure safety in product design, and increase awareness of age-related recommendations for use of gates.     

Cerebral peduncle angle: Unreliable in differentiating progressive supranuclear palsy from other neurodegenerative diseases

IntroductionThe significant symptom overlap between progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and other parkinsonian neurodegenerative diseases frequently results in misdiagnosis. However, neuroimaging can be used to quantify disease-related morphological changes and specific markers. The cerebral peduncle angle (CPA) has been shown to differentiate clinically diagnosed PSP from other parkinsonian diseases but this result has yet to be confirmed in autopsy-proven disease.MethodsMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were obtained for 168 patients representing 69 medical facilities. Following randomization, the images were divided into two groups (Type 1 and Type 2) based upon midbrain morphological differences. Two readers were blinded and independently measured the CPA of 146 patients with autopsy-proven progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP; n = 54), corticobasal degeneration (n = 16), multiple system atrophy (MSA; n = 11) and Lewy body disease (n = 65).ResultsApplying two separate measurement techniques revealed no statistically significant differences in CPA measurements among any study groups regardless of classification measurement approach. The interobserver agreement showed significant differences in measurements using the Type 2 approach.ConclusionMeasuring the CPA on MRI is not a reliable way of differentiating among patients with PSP, corticobasal degeneration, MSA, or Lewy body disease.     

Q.STATIC呼吸门控与非门控扫描肺结节的临床价值:65例前瞻性研究

目的比较Q.STATIC呼吸门控（QSRG）与非门控(UG)扫描对肺结节图像质量、定量分析的影响，评价其临床应用价值。方法本项前瞻性研究纳入2019年11月~2020年5月疑诊肺结节且同意行QSRG采集患者65例，共295个肺结节，有4例患者因持续呼吸不规律未能完成门控检查而排除。记录QSRG和UG下可测量肺结节的最大标准摄取值（SUV_max）、肿瘤代谢体积（MTV）、平均标准摄取值（SUV_mean）、主动脉弓标准差值和临床扫描时间。比较QSRG和UGPET在肺结节检出、可测量肺结节、SUV_max、MTV、信噪比（SNR）和临床扫描时间的差异。结果QSRGPET和UGPET的PET肺结节检出肺结节数、可测量肺结节数、SUV_max、MTV、SNR和扫描时间分别为295个vs 275个、196个vs 182个、6.90±4.40g/mL vs 6.64±4.28g/mL（P < 0.05）、3.23±8.01cm3 vs 3.44±8.66cm3（P < 0.05）、30.30±20.91 vs 30.22±21.97（P>0.05）、16.45±3.74min vs 13.21±3.98min（P < 0.05），单个床位QSRG增加全身扫描的时间为3min。结论QSRG不增加放射性剂量，与UG图像相比，QSRG图像肺结节检出率和可测量能力更高，SUV_max和MTV定量分析更准确，稍有所增加总扫描时间。      

Introduction and overview of the special issue “Brain imaging and aging”: The new era of neuroimaging in aging research

It is well known that the brain is one of the organs particularly affected by aging in terms of function, relative to the gastrointestinal tract and liver, which exhibit less functional decline. There is also a wide range of age-related neurological disorders such as stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. Therefore, it is very important to understand the relationship between functional age-related change and neurological dysfunction. Neuroimaging techniques including magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography have been significantly improved over recent years. Many physicians and researchers have investigated various mechanisms of age-related cerebral change and associated neurological disorders using neuroimaging techniques. In this special issue of Ageing Research Reviews, we focus on cerebral- and neuro-imaging, which are a range of tools used to visualize structure, functions, and pathogenic molecules in the nervous system. In addition, we summarize several review articles about the history, present values, and future perspectives of neuroimaging modalities.     

Sublethal effects of pesticide mixtures on selected biomarkers of Carassius auratus

In the present study, the in vivo effects of commercial propoxur alone and in combination with isoprocarb and chlorpyrifos on acetylcholinesterase and glutathione S-transferases activities in goldfish (Carassius auratus) were investigated. Brain and muscle AChE activity was significantly inhibited (88% and 85% at most, respectively) by propoxur after 5 d of exposure at concentrations between 141 and 2263 μg/L, bell-shaped concentration–response curves were obtained. In most cases, time dependence was apparent. Under insecticide mixture exposure (binary mixture propoxur/isoprocarb and ternary mixture propoxur/isoprocarb/chlorpyrifos), the inhibition of AChE activity was significant in all cases and linear concentration–response relationships were observed. Propoxur (alone and in combination) significantly inhibited gill GST activity, and both mixtures also induced significant inhibition of liver GST activity. However, concentration and time dependence were not apparent. AChE is likely to be more informative than GST and seems to be a good biomarker to diagnose exposure to anticholinesterase pesticides in wild populations of this species.