搭建重症医学交流平台 忠实记录学科发展历程

<正>由国家卫生和计划生育委员会主管、中华医学会主办、中华医学电子音像出版社出版的《中华重症医学电子杂志》于2015年7月正式创刊!她的创办标志着我国重症医学迈向一个新的高度,是我国重症医学发展的一件大事,一个重要的里程碑,她不仅将记录中国重症医学人的辛勤与汗水,也将见证重症医学在中国迅猛发展和走向辉煌的历程。一、重症医学发展的里程碑1970年美国重症医学会在Weil的倡导下成立,     

呼气末正压对不同呼吸系统顺应性患者中心静脉压的影响

目的探讨呼气末正压（PEEP）对不同呼吸系统顺应性患者中心静脉压（CVP）的影响。 方法将2017年11月至2018年2月入住东南大学附属中大医院重症医学科需要监测CVP的55例机械通气患者依据呼吸系统静态顺应性（Crs）分为高顺应性组［Crs ≥ 0.63 ml/（cmH₂O?kg）,1 cmH₂O=0.098 kPa］和低顺应性组［Crs < 0.63 ml/（cmH₂O?kg）］,分别观察2组患者PEEP在5、10、15 cmH₂O下的CVP、心率、血压及呼吸力学的变化。 结果高顺应性组和低顺应性组患者CVP均随着PEEP增加而升高,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。高顺应性组患者PEEP分别在5、10、15 cmH₂O时,CVP分别为（8.4±2.7）、（10.3±2.5）、（12.2±2.5）cmH₂O,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。低顺应性组PEEP分别在5、10、15 cmH₂O时,CVP分别为（9.6±2.9）、（11.0±2.8）、（12.2±2.7）cmH₂O,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。与低顺应性组患者相比,高顺应性组患者CVP随着PEEP增加而升高更为显著,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论对于机械通气患者,PEEP的增加会引起CVP的增加,呼吸系统顺应性高的患者CVP增加更为显著。     

床边超声对机械通气患者膈肌功能评估的研究进展

膈肌功能障碍在重症患者中发病率高,是导致患者呼吸衰竭和延迟机械通气撤离的重要原因,且易被忽视。以往传统评估膈肌结构和功能的方法具有创伤性,缺乏特异性,且不便于床旁应用,而超声评估膈肌功能和结构具有准确、安全、无创等优点。床旁超声通过测量膈肌活动度、膈肌厚度和膈肌厚度变化率评估膈肌功能,临床用于鉴定膈肌功能障碍及膈肌功能丧失,监测膈肌萎缩程度和做功能力及人机同步性,并用于预测撤机结果。本文阐述床边超声对机械通气患者膈肌功能评估的进展及存在的问题,为临床采用该技术提供指导和帮助。     

金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂-2联合胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-7对于急性肾损伤早期诊断及预后评估的临床意义

急性肾损伤（AKI）是重症患者常见的临床综合征,早期诊断可显著降低患者病死率。血肌酐和尿量作为传统诊断指标存在滞后性,近年来研究发现的一批新型生物标志物中,联合应用表达于肾小管细胞的与细胞损伤相关的细胞周期标志物金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂-2（TIMP-2）与胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-7（IGFBP-7）早期预测AKI的发生风险并对患者预后进行早期评估。本文将主要叙述细胞周期标志物TIMP-2和IGFBP-7用于AKI早期诊断及预后评估的相关内容。     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征诊断的进步与发展

急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS) 是ICU 常见的综合征之一,病死率高,诊断率较低,其诊断标准一直在更新,对 这一综合征作出简便准确的诊断是我们一直追求的目标。从AECC 标准到柏林标准,均不能准确的识别ARDS 患者, 临床上仍存在误诊,ARDS 的临床诊断与病理学诊断之间存在一定的差距。近年来多种生物标志物被证实与ARDS 的发病相关,但依据特异性生物标志物诊断ARDS 仍面临挑战。ARDS 诊断目前仍没有一个金标准,但临床+ 生物 标志物诊断模式是ARDS 诊断的努力方向。     

呼吸系统弹性阻力对急性肺损伤患者肺复张后氧合影响的荟萃分析

Objective To investigate the effects of elasticity resistance (Ers) in respiratory system on oxygenation in patients with acute lung injury (ALI) after recruitment maneuvers (RM). Method Meta-analysis of data about the effects of recruitment maneuvers on oxygenation in ALI patients with different elasticity resistances in respiratory system carried out with pooling of study-oriented data stored in Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science databases from January 1999 to June 2010. Results A total of 281 articles were taken, and 20 of them included a sample size of 395 ALI patients. In patients treated with RM in different degrees of respiratory system elasticity resistance ( ≥33.3 cmH2O/L and ＜33.3 cmH2O/L), the effect of RM was better in patients with the high respiratory system elasticity resistance than that with the low one [(51.97 + 8.89) mmHg vs. (35.13 ± 10.33 ) mmHg], P ＜ 0. 01 ), but the high respiratory system elasticity resistance was potentially to lower blood pressure [(4. 33 ± 1.32 ) mmHg vs. (0.22 ± 1.03 ) mmHg],P ＜ 0.01 ). Conclusions This study suggests RM could improve oxygenation of ALI patients with high respiratory system elasticity resistance, and caution must be made to avoid hypotension during RM.     

阿替普酶溶栓治疗急性脑梗死早期神经功能恶化的相关危险因素分析

目的 分析阿替普酶溶栓治疗急性脑梗死早期神经功能恶化的相关危险因素。方法 选择2013年1月-2018年6月本院神经内科收治的发病4.5 h内给予阿替普酶溶栓治疗的急性脑梗死患者114例,根据阿替普酶治疗后是否发生早期神经功能恶化(Early neurologic deterioration,END)分为恶化组(43例)和非恶化组(71例),收集2组临床基线资料,分析阿替普酶溶栓治疗患者发生END的危险因素。结果 恶化组饮酒人数、吞咽功能障碍人数、责任大血管闭塞数、心源性脑栓塞数、白细胞计数、TC、LDL-C、脂蛋白(a)、ApoB、肌酐水平等指标均显著高于非恶化组(P均<0.05),而HDL-C水平明显低于非恶化组(P<0.05),而其它基线资料比较无明显差异(P均>0.05); Logistic回归分析显示脂蛋白(a)、HDL-C水平、责任大血管闭塞、心源性脑栓塞均与患者溶栓后发生END显著相关(P<0.05)。结论 脂蛋白(a)及HDL-C水平异常、责任大血管闭塞、心源性脑栓塞等均为溶栓治疗急性脑梗死END的独立危险因素。     

影响脉压变异率预测急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者容量反应性的因素与校正措施

脉压变异率（PPV）作为心肺交互的产物,是预测容量反应性的动态指标,但PPV预测急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者容量反应性受到诸多因素影响,如小潮气量通气、自主呼吸、腹内高压,此时可通过改变PPV阈值、潮气量挑战、叹息试验等方法提高其预测准确性;当PPV预测容量反应性准确性受到呼吸系统顺应性降低或右心功能不全影响时,则需要通过被...     

神经电活动辅助通气的临床应用与思考

机械通气是呼吸支持的重要手段,其目的是维持生命并为患者呼吸功能的恢复赢得时间.虽然近1/3的ICU患者需要机械通气[1],但如何根据患者个体需求进行机械通气仍是困扰临床医师的重大难题.理想的通气模式是实现神经冲动和机械通气直接偶联,即监测患者呼吸中枢的活动,并根据监测结果实时提供合适的吸气流速和潮气量.     

神经调节辅助通气对急性呼吸窘迫综合征兔呼吸机相关性膈肌功能障碍的影响

Objective To evaluate the effect of neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) on prevention of ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction (VIDD) in ARDS rabbits.Methods Twenty New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups: ( 1 ) control group ( n = 5 ); ( 2 ) Volume control (VC) group ( n = 5 ); ( 3 ) Pressure support ( PSV ) group ( n = 5 ); (4) NAVA group ( n = 5 ).In VC, PSV and NAVA groups, the rabbits were killed and the diaphragm was removed after 4 hours of ventilation.Animals in the control group were not mechanically ventilated, and the diaphragm was also removed immediately after anesthetizing.In all rabbits, malondialdehyde ( MDA), superoxide disrmutase (SOD) and glutathione(GSH) of diaphragm were measured.Structure of diaphragm was observed by light microscope, electron microscope, constituent ratio and mean cross-sectional area (CSA) of diaphragm fiber.Results (1)MDA: Compared with the control [(0.15 ±0.06)nmol/mg], PSV group[(0.30 ±0.11)nmol/mg], there was no significant difference in MDA of diaphragm in NAVA group [( 0.28 ± 0.19 )nmol/mg] (F = 2.730, P ＞ 0.05).MDA in VC group [(0.40 ±0.16)nmol/mg] was significantly higher than the control group (P＜0.05).(2) SOD: Compared with control [( 111 ± 12) U/mg], PSV group [(93 ± 4) U/mg], there was no significant difference in SOD of diaphragm in NAVA group [( 94 ± 9 )U/mg] (F=4.422,P ＞0.05).SOD in VC group [(80 ±21 )U/mg] was significantly lower than the control group(P ＜0.05).(3)GSH: Compared with control [(5.3 ± 1.0)mg/g] and PSV group [(4.5 ±1.2)mg/g], there was no significant difference in GSH of diaphragm in NAVA group [(5.6 ± 1.0) mg/g](F =3.001 ,P ＞ 0.05 ).GSH in VC group [(3.3 ± 1.7)mg/g] is significantly lower than control and NAVA groups ( P ＜ 0.05 ).( 4 ) Light microscope: In VC group, many changes were observed in the muscle, such as myofibrosis, necrosis, and some of muscle fibers became atrophy, but these were no obvious changes of pathological structure in control, PSV or NAVA groups.(5)Electron microscope: In control, PSV and NAVA groups, the ultrastructure of diaphragm was normal Different from the above 3 groups, some abnormal ultrastructure was observed in VC group, including disrupted myofibrils, swollen mitochondria.(6)CSA of diaphragm fiber: Compared with control and PSV group, there was no significant difference in CSA of diaphragm fiber in NAVA group ( P ＞ 0.05 ); The CSA of type Ⅱ fibers in VC group was markedly lower than control group ( P ＜ 0.05 ) .Conclusions Compared with volume control ventilation, NAVA may mitigate diaphragmatic oxidative stress, atrophy and injury, and prevent VIDD better than VC.