Fertility in patients with multiple sclerosis: current knowledge and future perspectives

Abstract The issue of fertility in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) has not been exhaustively studied. Epidemiological data have suggested that spontaneous fecundity might be reduced; several endocrine and sexual disturbances potentially interfering with reproduction have been evidenced in MS patients of both sexes. Moreover, some medical treatments used in MS (e. g., mitoxantrone, cyclophosphamide) may exert detrimental effects on spermatozoa as well as on oocytes, leading to early impairment of fertility. This review illustrates the factors potentially interfering with fertility in MS and discusses the therapeutic tools that may be used to promote fertility in these patients. The safety of hormonal therapies in MS is also examined. The current applications of assisted reproductive technology (ART) are discussed, including in vitro fertilisation (IVF) techniques. Currently available methods to preserve fertility in patients that undergo cytotoxic treatments by means of sperm/oocyte cryostorage or by ovarian fragment cryopreservation and autografting are considered.     

Congenital clubfoot in Europe: A population‐based study

We aimed to assess prevalence, birth outcome, associated anomalies and prenatal diagnosis of congenital clubfoot in Europe using data from the EUROCAT network, and to validate the recording of congenital clubfoot as a major congenital anomaly by EUROCAT registries. Cases of congenital clubfoot were included from 18 EUROCAT registries covering more than 4.8 million births in 1995–2011. Cases without chromosomal anomalies born during 2005–2009, were randomly selected for validation using a questionnaire on diagnostic details and treatment. There was 5,458 congenital clubfoot cases of which 5,056 (93%) were liveborn infants. Total prevalence of congenital clubfoot was 1.13 per 1,000 births (95% CI 1.10–1.16). Prevalence of congenital clubfoot without chromosomal anomaly was 1.08 per 1,000 births (95% CI 1.05–1.11) and prevalence of isolated congenital clubfoot was 0.92 per 1,000 births (95% CI 0.90–0.95), both with decreasing trends over time and large variations in prevalence by registry. The majority of cases were isolated congenital clubfoot (82%) and 11% had associated major congenital anomalies. Prenatal detection rate of isolated congenital clubfoot was 22% and increased over time. Among 301 validated congenital clubfoot cases, diagnosis was confirmed for 286 (95%). In conclusion, this large population‐based study found a decreasing trend of congenital clubfoot in Europe after 1999–2002, an increasing prenatal detection rate, and a high standard of coding of congenital clubfoot in EUROCAT.     

Epidural anaesthesia for elective Caesarean section does not influence fetal umbilical artery blood flow indices

This prospective study was completed to determine the influence of epidural anaesthesia on the fetoplacental circulation of normal subjects. Thirty-seven normal pregnant patients at term, undergoing elective Caesarean section, had Doppler measurements of the fetal umbilical artery blood flow velocity before and after epidural anaesthesia using lidocaine 2% without epinephrine. There were no differences in systolic/diastolic, resistance or pulsality indices following epidural anaesthesia. These results suggest that this technique has no adverse effect on fetoplacental circulation in normal non-labouring subjects. Cette étude prospective a pour but de déterminer l’influence de l’anesthésie épidurale sur la circulation foeto-placentaire dans le contexte d’une grossesse normale. Des indices de vélocité du flot de l’artère ombilicale foetale ont été mesurés par Doppler chez trentesept patientes gravides à terme, sans complications, programmées pour une césarienne élective, avant et après une anesthèsie épidurale utilisant la lidocaine 2% sans épinéphrine. Les indices de rapport systole/diastole, de résistance et de pulsatilité sont demeurés inchangés après l’induction de l’anesthésie épidurale. Ces constatations suggèrent que l’anesthésie épidurale n’a pas d’influence sur la circulation foetoplacentaire chez des patientes enceintes normales à terme qui ne sont pas en travail.     

子宫颈癌和子宫颈上皮内瘤变患者生命质量及相关因素分析

目的探讨宫颈癌和宫颈上皮内瘤变（CIN）患者的生命质量及其影响因素。方法采用宫颈癌患者生命质量测评量表（FACT-Cx）和自制问卷调查表对227例宫颈癌和CIN患者的生命质量及相关影响因素进行分析。结果宫颈癌和CIN患者FACT-G评分为（93.95±12.16）分,FACT-Cx评分为（143.78±16.19）分。生命质量评分在年龄、分期、是否放化疗比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。logistic回归分析提示,诊断时分期越晚,采用放化疗患者的总体生命质量评分越低。年龄小、采用放化疗、诊断时分期晚的宫颈癌患者的其他忧虑（特异模块）评分低（P〈0.05）。结论临床分期和治疗方法是影响生命质量的重要因素,早期诊断宫颈癌、提高临床治疗效果对于宫颈癌患者的生命质量有帮助。     

S-腺苷蛋氨酸联合熊去氧胆酸治疗妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症的临床疗效及对肝功能、炎症因子的影响

目的 探讨S-腺苷蛋氨酸联合熊去氧胆酸治疗妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症（ICP）的临床疗效及对肝功能、炎症因子的影响。方法 将100例ICP患者随机分为2组各50例,对照组仅予熊去氧胆酸单药治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上联用S-腺苷蛋氨酸治疗。比较两组治疗前后的瘙痒评分、肝功能指标、血清白介素-12（IL-12）和IL-18水平变化及妊娠结局。结果 治疗后观察组瘙痒评分明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。观察组血清总胆红素（TBIL）、总胆汁酸（TBA）、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）水平明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;白细胞介素（IL）-12、IL-18水平明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。观察组早产、羊水污染Ⅱ度、新生儿Apgar评分≤ 7分的发生率明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 S-腺苷蛋氨酸联合熊去氧胆酸治疗ICP疗效优越,可显著改善患者的肝功能及血清炎症因子水平,改善妊娠结局。     

小剂量去氧肾上腺素、甲氧明、麻黄素和输注羟乙基淀粉对腰硬联合麻醉剖宫产术中低血压的预防

目的比较预注小剂量去氧肾上腺素、甲氧明及麻黄素和输注羟乙基淀粉对腰-硬联合麻醉(CSEA)下产妇心血管系统的影响。方法 120例择期行剖宫产手术的产妇,随机分为4组,入手术室后先开放静脉,输注乳酸钠林格注射液200～300mL,行麻醉穿刺,在蛛网膜下腔注入0.5%布比卡因1.5mL后,产妇转为平卧位时,从静脉分别给予去氧肾上腺素10μg,甲氧明3mg,麻黄素6mg,羟乙基淀粉300mL,所有患者经上述处理后仍出现低血压时,给予麻黄素6～12mg;当心率低于60次/min时,给予阿托品0.5～1.0mg记录腰麻前、腰麻后(预注后)5、10、15min及手术结束后的血压、心率,比较两组间患者低血压、心动过缓的发生率,恶心呕吐的发生情况及麻黄素(不包括预注量)、阿托品用量,两组反应性高血压次数。结果甲氧明组低血压发生率稍高于麻黄素组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与麻黄素组比较,甲氧明组心动过缓的发生率稍增多,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。去氧肾上腺素组低血压发生率低于甲氧明组和麻黄素组,羟乙基淀粉组低于甲氧明组和麻黄素组,恶心呕吐发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。麻黄素用量(不包括预注量)差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论去氧肾上腺素10μg,甲氧明3mg,或麻黄素6mg羟乙基淀粉术前输注均能有效地预防CSEA下产妇血压下降,并且对新生儿无不良影响。     

Breastfeeding initiation and duration in France: The importance of intergenerational and previous maternal breastfeeding experiences — results from the nationwide ELFE study

ObjectiveTo assess the role of the mother's mother and mothers' previous personal experiences with breastfeeding and childcare in breastfeeding practices.Design and settingThe analysis included 13,774 mother–infant dyads from the French national birth cohort ELFE. Feeding practices were assessed by face-to-face interview in maternity wards in 2011, by phone interviews at months 2 and 12 post-partum and by Internet/paper questionnaires monthly from months 3–10. Sociodemographic, maternal and newborn-related factors were collected in the maternity unit and by postnatal phone interview at month 2. Multivariable logistic and linear regression was used to assess the association of mother's mother and mothers’ previous personal experiences with breastfeeding initiation and duration.FindingsPrevious breastfeeding experience (i.e., whether mothers had breastfed their previous children) was positively associated with both breastfeeding initiation and duration. Mothers who had been breastfed themselves as infants were more likely to initiate and continue breastfeeding than non-breastfed mothers. Conversely, non-breastfed mothers who had received care advice from their own mother were less likely to start and maintain breastfeeding. The effect of having been breastfed in infancy was especially important for primiparous mothers and to a lesser extent, multiparous mothers with no previous breastfeeding experience. Also, formal experience in childcare, in a professional context, was associated with breastfeeding initiation but not duration.Key conclusions and implications for practiceMother's mother and mother's previous breastfeeding experience have a strong influence on breastfeeding practices. Breastfeeding interventions should be tailored to the mother's level of experience and should provide extra support for multiparous mothers with no previous breastfeeding experience.     

子痫前期孕妇血清 SOCS3，PP-13，GATA-3水平变化及其预测价值研究

目的　探讨血清细胞因子信号转导负调控因子 -3（SOCS-3）、胎盘蛋白 -13(PP-13)、GATA结合蛋白 3(GATA-     

补肾调经汤对卵巢早衰患者性激素的影响

目的:观察补肾调经汤治疗卵巢早衰(POF)的临床疗效及其对性激素的影响。方法:46例POF患者随机分为两组,治疗组23例予补肾调经汤治疗,对照组23例予激素替代治疗,疗程3个月。治疗结束后随访3个月,观察两组患者治疗前、治疗结束时、停药3个月的临床症状积分,性激素水平[卵泡刺激素(FSH)、雌二醇(E2)、黄体生成素(LH)]。结果:治疗组、对照组的总有效率分别为91.3%、69.6%(P<0.05);治疗结束时,两组患者血清E2升高(P<0.01),FSH、LH下降(均P<0.01),症状总积分下降(P<0.05或<0.01);停药3个月,对照组血清E2、FSH、LH水平和症状总积分,与治疗组比较差异有显著性(P<0.05或<0.01)。结论:补肾调经汤治疗卵巢早衰的疗较显著,能明显地改善患者的临床症状,且不良反应少,复发率低,可值在临床推广应用。