基于国际居民长期照护评估工具的养老机构不同能力等级老年人照护需求研究

背景　我国各地各机构分级护理划分的标准和依据不统一,加之老年人经济水平及其他因素,影响了分级护理内容的完整性和客观性,导致实际的分级护理可能与老年人需求、能力等级不匹配。目的　了解养老机构不同能力等级老年人对长期照护服务的需求,为针对性地采取适宜的老年照护服务提供依据。方法　于2018年4-7月采用方便抽样的方法,选取南京市和常州市2家养老机构的老年人（≥60岁,n=575）进行问卷调查。问卷包括老年人能力评估问卷、国际居民长期照护评估工具（interRAI-LTCF）,分别用以评价老年人的能力等级、照护问题和需求。采用interRAI-LTCF中的临床评估报告（CAPs）分析每例老年人的综合评估资料,记录发现的照护问题;采用对应分析对不同能力等级的老年人与CAPs所发现的问题进行分析。结果　共回收有效问卷532份,有效回收率92.5%。其中,能力等级评价为能力完好55例（10.3%）,轻度失能264例（49.6%）,中度失能71例（13.4%）,重度失能142例（26.7%）。采用CAPs可将养老机构老年人存在的照护问题分为4类21个方面,老年人存在的中位照护问题数为4（3）个。对应分析结果显示：能力完好老年人的主要照护问题为不良的生活习惯,需要进行健康教育;轻度失能老年人的主要照护问题为心理社会和躯体活动不足问题,是精神慰藉和健康促进服务的高需人群;中度和重度失能老年人的主要照护问题是日常生活活动能力受限和临床健康问题,是日常生活照料和医疗护理的高需人群。结论　运用对应分析对不同能力等级老年人的健康问题及照护需求进行比较,发现能力等级不同的老年人之间照护服务需求存在差异,这可以为养老机构有针对性地开展适宜的老年健康服务项目提供依据,从而更好地提高老年人的生活质量。     

女性性交痛相关因素分析

目的:女性性交痛是困扰女性的常见性问题之一,本研究探讨中国城市女性性交疼痛的相关危险因素,为其防治提供依据。方法:本研究是回顾性调查,调查对象为2009年3～12月在南京医科大学附属南京市妇幼保健院进行健康体检的20岁以上女性及其女性陪护人,发放问卷,调查相关因素,用女性性功能指数问卷评估性功能,性交疼痛评分<4.4分为性交疼痛的筛选标准,采用多因素Logistic回归进行多因素分析。结果:共发放问卷2 658份,有1 856例女性完成问卷,问卷回收率69.8%。排除不符合纳入标准及调查前1个月无性活动者,最终有1 457例受访者资料纳入分析。1 457例受访者中存在不同程度性交痛者626例,占43.0%(626/1475)。Logistic多因素分析表明,年龄(≥50岁)、吸烟、子宫切除、阴道润滑障碍、与配偶缺乏性交流等是女性性交疼痛的独立危险因素(P均<0.05)。结论:女性性交疼痛的发生与年龄(≥50岁)、吸烟、子宫切除、阴道润滑障碍、与配偶缺乏性交流等多种因素相关。     

Schwann cell-derived CXCL1 contributes to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120-induced neuropathic pain by modulating macrophage infiltration in mice

The neuroinflammatory responses to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) coat proteins, such as glycoprotein 120 (gp120), are considered to be responsible for the HIV-associated distal sensory neuropathy. Accumulating evidences suggest that T-cell line tropic X4 gp120 increases macrophage infiltration into the peripheral nerves, and thereby induces neuroinflammation leading to pain. However, the mechanisms underlying X4 gp120-induced macrophage recruitment to the peripheral nervous systems remain unclear. Here, we demonstrated that perineural application of X4 gp120 from HIV-1 strains IIIB and MN elicited mechanical hypersensitivity and spontaneous pain-like behaviors in mice. Furthermore, flow cytometry and immunohistochemical studies revealed increased infiltration of bone marrow-derived macrophages into the parenchyma of sciatic nerves and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) 7 days after gp120 IIIB or MN application. Chemical deletion of circulating macrophages using clodronate liposomes markedly suppressed gp120 IIIB-induced pain-like behaviors. In in vitro cell infiltration analysis, RAW 264.7 cell (a murine macrophage cell line) was chemoattracted to conditioned medium from gp120 IIIB- or MN-treated cultured Schwann cells, but not to conditioned medium from these gp120-treated DRG neurons, suggesting possible involvement of Schwann cell-derived soluble factors in macrophage infiltration. We identified using a gene expression array that CXCL1, a chemoattractant of macrophages and neutrophils, was increased in gp120 IIIB-treated cultured Schwann cells. Similar to gp120 IIIB or MN, perineural application of recombinant CXCL1 elicited pain-like behaviors accompanied by macrophage infiltration to the peripheral nerves. Furthermore, the repeated injection of CXCR2 (receptor for CXCL1) antagonist or CXCL1 neutralizing antibody prevented both pain-like behaviors and macrophage infiltration in gp120 IIIB-treated mice. Thus, the present study newly defines that Schwann cell-derived CXCL1, secreted in response to X4 gp120 exposure, is responsible for macrophage infiltration into peripheral nerves, and is thereby associated with pain-like behaviors in mice. We propose herein that communication between Schwann cells and macrophages may play a prominent role in the induction of X4 HIV-1-associated pain.     

Retinoblastoma co-repressor 1 (RB) and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKN) as a multi-gene panel for differentiating pulmonary from non-pulmonary origin in metastatic neuroendocrine carcinomas

BackgroundNeuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) arise from neuroendocrine cells present throughout the body, and often present with metastases even with small and undetectable primary tumors. Additionally, neuroendocrine differentiation can be seen in carcinomas of non-neuroendocrine origin further complicating the landscape of metastatic NECs. Organ specific immunohistochemical markers such as TTF1, CDX2 and PAX8 are often lost in high grade tumors and may be non-contributory in localizing the primary site.Though NECs share a common cellular origin, they exhibit great variability in biologic behavior, prognosis and treatment based on the primary organ of origin.DesignTwenty one cases of metastatic NECs were retrieved from our archives and were classified based on location of the primary tumor derived from clinical and radiological findings. Next generation sequencing data was retrieved and analyzed for recurrent genetic abnormalities in these cases. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS25 software.ResultsRB1 mutations were exclusive to NECs metastasizing from lung primary and were detected in 5 of 12 (41.6 %) cases (p = 0.04). CDKN gene family (CDKN1B and 2 A) mutations were limited to metatstatic NECs of non-pulmonary origin and were detected in 4 of 9 (44.4 %) cases (p = 0.02).ConclusionThe location of the primary tumor in metastatic NECs appears to have significant prognostic and therapeutic implications. But due to the morphological homogeneity, higher grade of tumor, variable sensitivity of immunohistochemical markers, and small, often undetectable primary tumors, the localization of the primary tumor in cases of metastatic NECs is a challenge. In this study, RB1 and CDKN gene family mutations are identified as possible markers for differentiating pulmonary and non-pulmonary origin in metatstatic NECs.     

Effect of trataka (yogic gazing) on insomnia severity and quality of sleep in people with insomnia

IntroductionInsomnia or sleeplessness is a common disorder associated with morbidity and poor quality of life. Trataka is one of the six cleansing techniques of yoga. Literature suggests that trataka could help in relieving insomnia. A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of trataka on insomnia severity and quality of sleep (QoS) in people with insomnia.Materials and MethodsTwenty-nine participants with insomnia were recruited, who underwent trataka (45 minutes per day daily) for a period of 10 days. Insomnia severity and QoS were assessed before and after the intervention using the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), respectively.ResultsThis study showed a significant reduction in ISI score and PSQI global score and its associated subscale scores except sleep medication scores after the intervention.ConclusionTrataka may be considered as a treatment modality in reducing insomnia severity and in improving QoS in people with insomnia.     

The feasibility and efficacy of perioperative auricular acupuncture technique via intradermal needle buried for postoperative movement-evoked pain after open radical gastrectomy: A randomized controlled pilot trial

IntroductionAuricular acupuncture is widely used in the treatment of pain. Recently, the most commonly used method of auricular acupuncture is to embed an intradermal needle into the skin to enhance analgesia through continuous stimulation. We aimed to explore the efficacy and feasibility of this form of auricular acupuncture in the treatment of postoperative movement-evoked pain.MethodsThis single-blind randomized controlled pilot trial was conducted between 23/8/2019 and 10/1/2020. Forty patients were recruited and randomised to either the control group (n = 20) or the experimental group (n = 20). Patients in the control group received sham auricular acupuncture, while patients in the experimental group received auricular acupuncture. A standard routine analgesia was performed in both groups. The patients with NRS score≥4 were given rescue analgesia. Postoperative pain, use of opioids and other analgesics, postoperative recovery and patient's satisfaction were recorded.ResultsThe credibility and feasibility of auricular acupuncture for postoperative pain were high in both groups. After auricular acupuncture, the scores of the postoperative movement-evoked pain had a tendency to decrease, but no significant difference was observed between two groups at any time point (P = 0.234～0.888). The data on postoperative pain at rest confirmed that no significant difference was observed between two groups within 48 h of surgery (P = 0.134～0.520), and the postoperative pain at rest scores decreased over time; however, from the third day, the pain at rest scores of the experimental group were decreased, and significant differences were observed between the two groups (P = 0.039～0.047). As for use of rescue analgesic, total opioid consumption and the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting, there were no significant differences between the two groups (P = 0.311, P = 0.101, P = 0.661) . In terms of patients' satisfaction, the score of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group, and a significant difference was observed between the two groups (P = 0.000). As for adverse events, two participants reported pain and one patient reported discomfort at the insertion sites during the process of auricular acupuncture intervention, but they both were minor and tolerable.ConclusionAuricular acupuncture may have a relief effect on mild postoperative pain at rest with pain score below 3, suggesting that it may be a feasible adjuvant method to relieve mild pain at rest. However, more multi-centre and large-sample studies are needed to verify this result.     

Meta-analysis of the efficacy of acupuncture in the treatment of the vascular cognitive impairment associated with cerebral small vessel disease

ObjectiveTo systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of acupuncture in the treatment of the vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) associated with cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD–VCI) and to provide a theoretical basis for clinical acupuncture treatment for CSVD–VCI.MethodVarious databases, including China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, Chinese Science and Technology Journal Database, Chinese BioMedical Literature Service System, PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and EBSCOhost, were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to acupuncture treatment for CSVD–VCI. The quality of the included trials was evaluated, and a meta-analysis was conducted using the Review Manager 5.4 software.ResultsTen articles on RCTs were included, involving 761 patients, i.e., 381 in the acupuncture group and 380 in the control group. The meta-analysis results indicated that the use of acupuncture alone and acupuncture alongside other therapies for CSVD–VCI could improve the overall clinical response rate [odds ratio = 3.51, 95% confidence interval (CI) = (2.05, 6.00), P < 0.00001], increase the patients’ Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores [mean difference (MD) = 3.33, 95%CI (2.98, 3.68), P < 0.00001], Mini-Mental State Examination scores [MD = 2.78, 95%CI (2.51, 3.06), P < 0.00001], and activities of daily living scores [MD = 6.30, 95%CI (4.22, 8.37), P < 0.00001], and shorten the latency of auditory evoked potential P300 [MD = −14.67, 95%CI (−19.54, −9.80), P < 0.00001].ConclusionAcupuncture alone and acupuncture alongside other therapies are superior to non-acupuncture-based therapies in the treatment of CSVD–VCI. However, due to the small number of relevant available articles and their general low quality, this conclusion may be biased. More clinical RCTs with a larger sample size and higher quality are needed to support this theory.