AMPK通过抑制NLRP3炎症小体参与延缓衰老过程

衰老是在细胞、组织和器官水平上发生的生理性内稳态的渐进性损害过程。就代谢角度而言,该过程主要表现为体成分、胰岛素抵抗、自噬功能障碍、线粒体和炎症反应的变化,其中涉及生长激素、胰岛素/胰岛素样生长因子1及各种能量感应系统如AMP活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK).     

Walk Score and Australian adults' home-based walking for transport

The relationships of Walk Score, a publicly-accessible walkability assessment tool, with walking for transport to and from home were examined among a large representative sample of Australian adults aged 18–64 years (N=16,944). Residents in highly and somewhat walkable areas were twice and 1.4 times more likely to accumulate 30 min of walking per day compared to those in very car-dependent neighborhoods, respectively. Mean duration of walking was also longer for participants living in highly and somewhat walkable areas compared to those in very car-dependent areas. Walk Score has potential as a widely-applicable tool for identifying the walkability of local neighborhoods.     

Steviol glycoside safety: Is the genotoxicity database sufficient?

The safety of steviol glycoside sweeteners has been extensively reviewed in the literature. National and international food safety agencies and approximately 20 expert panels have concluded that steviol glycosides, including the widely used sweeteners stevioside and rebaudioside A, are not genotoxic. However, concern has been expressed in recent publications that steviol glycosides may be mutagenic based on select studies representing a small fraction of the overall database, and it has been suggested that further in vivo genotoxicity studies are required to complete their safety profiles. To address the utility of conducting additional in vivo genotoxicity studies, this review evaluates the specific genotoxicity studies that are the sources of concern, and evaluates the adequacy of the database including more recent genotoxicity data not mentioned in those publications. The current database of in vitro and in vivo studies for steviol glycosides is robust and does not indicate that either stevioside or rebaudioside A are genotoxic. This, combined with a lack of evidence for neoplasm development in rat bioassays, establish the safety of all steviol glycosides with respect to their genotoxic/carcinogenic potential.     

Role of Toll-like receptor 2 against Streptococcus uberis infection in primary mouse mammary epithelial cells

Mammary epithelial cells (MECs) play an important role against Streptococcus uberis infection which is one of the main causes of bovine mastitis and a potential threat to human health. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their mediated signaling pathways are critical in both innate and infection responses, yet their roles in anti-S. uberis infection in MECs remains poorly defined. In this work we investigated the regulatory mechanisms of TLR2 in inflammatory responses, where WT and TLR2^−/− mice were euthanized at 15–18 days gestation, and mammary gland tissues were collected aseptically. The mouse MECs (MMECs) were isolated by combined digestion with type I collagenase, hyaluronidase and trypsin. We challenged MMECs with S. uberis and quantified antioxidant capacity as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS), proinflammatory cytokines and cell damage at different times. The loss of TLR2 function in MMECs results in more serious cell damage, increased cell adhesion, and significantly decreased ROS and mitochondrial ROS (mROS) with bactericidal function in response to S. uberis infection. Moreover, it was observed that the antioxidant capacity declined, and the production of TLR2-mediated cytokines (except CXC ligand 15) also were reduced. We demonstrated that TLR2 can mediate cellular anti-infective processes in MMECs by regulating the production of ROS and mROS and the secretion of cytokines. The results suggest an unpredicted role of TLR2 in MMECs in response to S. uberis infection.     

Development and characterization of polymorphic microsatellites in Ficus sarmentosa var. henryi

Figs are keystone resources of tropical and subtropical forests since they are speciose and supporting plenteous animals. Ficus sarmentosa var. henryi (King) Corner, a functionally dioecious evergreen fig, is threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation. However, genetic information has hitherto been nearly terra incognita for this species, which hinders the protection and management of this species and the forests. In this study, we developed and characterized 10 polymorphic microsatellites in F. sarmentosa var. henryi. The numbers of alleles per locus varied from 2 to 15. The observed and expected heterozygosities within populations were 0–0.857 and 0–0.876, respectively. These polymorphic microsatellites will contribute to further population genetic studies, and thereby benefit resource conservation and forest protection.     

多潘立酮片门诊用药评价及智能化知识库的作用

背景　多潘立酮为胃肠促动力药，自2012年起连续载入《国家基本药物》。鉴于2012-2014年加拿大、美国、英国等指出多潘立酮有导致心源性猝死及突发室性心律失常的风险，特别是年龄超过60岁、每天用药超过30 mg的患者。2016年9月，我国原国家食品药品监督管理总局（CFDA）发布了《关于修订多潘立酮制剂说明书的公告》，提出对多潘立酮说明书内容进行重新修订的要求。此后，多潘立酮生产厂家对多潘立酮说明书“不良反应、禁忌、注意事项、用法用量”等项进行修订，更新后的药品说明书载入了相关警示及风险提示内容。目的　了解多潘立酮片门诊治疗各种疾病的情况，为临床安全、合理用药提供参考。方法　选取2019年3-8月上海市闵行区吴泾社区卫生服务中心门诊医师开具的单一诊断，使用多潘立酮片的处方515张，统计患者的性别、年龄、临床诊断、用法用量等。构建契合社区医疗卫生机构用药特点的知识库智能管理系统。结果　515例使用多潘立酮片患者中，男197例（38.3%），女318例（61.7%）；年龄26~98岁，平均年龄（72.0±12.4）岁，以60 岁及以上的老年患者为主〔86.0%（443/515）〕。单一诊断涉及的疾病有19种，其中消化不良、消化性溃疡、慢性胃炎、胃食管反流病居前4位，占81.4%（419/515）。所有患者的每日剂量符合药品说明书规定。结论　门诊多潘立酮片使用基本合理。借助知识库利用信息技术能为患者用药“保驾护航”。