Prevalence of Internet addiction and its association with social support and other related factors among adolescents in China

A cross-sectional study design was applied amongst a random sample (n = 10158) of Chinese adolescents. Self-completed questionnaires, including demographic characteristics, Internet use situation, Youth Internet Addiction Test, Youth Social Support Rating Scale and Zung Self-rating Depression Scale were utilized to examine the study objectives. Among the study population, the prevalence rate of Internet addiction was 10.4%, with 1038 (10.2%) moderately and 21 (0.2%) severely addicted to the Internet. Results from the multivariate logistic regression analyses suggested that a variety of related factors have significant effects on Internet addiction (parental control, per capita annual household income, academic performance, the access to Internet, online activities). The correlation coefficients showed that Internet addiction was negatively correlated with social support and positively associated with depression. Social support had a significant negative predictive effect on Internet addiction. The mediating effect of depression between social support and Internet addiction was remarkable.     

Combined anterior and posterior approach in treatment of ankylosing spondylitis-associated cervical fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective

Cervical fractures with ankylosing spondylitis (CAS) are a specific type of spinal fracture with poor stability, low healing rate, and high disability rate. Its treatment is mainly surgical, predominantly through the anterior approach, posterior approach, and the anterior–posterior approach. Although many clinical studies have been conducted on various surgical approaches, controversy still exists concerning the choice of these surgical approaches by surgeons. The authors present here a systematic evaluation and meta-analysis exploring the utility of the anterior–posterior approach versus the anterior approach and the posterior approach.

Methods

After a comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Embase databases, 12 clinical studies were included in the final qualitative analysis and 8 in the final quantitative analysis. Of these studies, 11 conducted a comparison between the anterior–posterior approach and the anterior approach and posterior approaches, while one examined only the anterior–posterior approach. Where appropriate, statistical advantage ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated.

Results

The present meta-analysis of postoperative neurological improvement showed no statistical difference in the overall neurological improvement rate between the anterior–posterior approach and anterior approach (OR 1.70, 95% CI 0.61 to 4.75; p = 0.31). However, the mean change in postoperative neurological function was lower in patients who received the anterior approach than in those who received the anterior–posterior approach (MD 0.17, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.36; p = 0.08). There was an identical trend between the anterior–posterior approach and posterior approach, with no statistically significant difference in the overall rate of neurological improvement (OR 1.37, 95% CI 0.70 to 2.56; p = 0.38). Nevertheless, the mean change in neurological function was smaller in patients receiving the anterior–posterior approach compared with the posterior approach, but there was no statistically significant difference between the two (MD 0.17, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.36; p = 0.08).

Conclusions

The results of this review and meta-analysis suggest that the benefits of the anterior–posterior approach are different from those of the anterior and posterior approaches in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis-related cervical fractures. In a word, there is no significant difference between the cervical surgical approach and the neurological functional improvement. Therefore, surgeons should pay more attention to the type of cervical fracture, the displacement degree of cervical fracture, the spinal cord injury, the balance of cervical spine and other aspects to comprehensively consider the selection of appropriate surgical methods.

     

粪菌移植干预治疗溃疡性结肠炎的免疫学机制研究

背景溃疡性结肠炎被世界卫生组织列为现代难治疾病之一。目前西医对其治疗尚存在诸多不足之处,研究显示粪菌移植（FMT）对其有一定的疗效,但机制尚不明确。目的采用FMT治疗小鼠溃疡性结肠炎模型,验证FMT的疗效和可能的作用机制。方法2019年12月至2020年4月,采用随机数字表法将60只小鼠分为正常对照组（Control组）、溃疡性结肠炎模型组（Model组）、溃疡性结肠炎模型+粪菌移植治疗组（Model+FMT组）和溃疡性结肠炎模型+5-氨基水杨酸（5-ASA）治疗组（Model+5-ASA组）,各15只。Control组不作任何干预处理;Model组制备小鼠溃疡性结肠炎模型;Model+FMT组于造模成功后,给予制备的粪菌液0.2 ml/次灌肠;Model+5-ASA组于造模成功后,给予0.019 5 g/ml 5-ASA灌肠。通过透射电镜观察肠组织超微结构变化,流式细胞检测血液辅助性T细胞（Th）-17、Th-1、Th-2、Treg细胞含量变化,酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测血清干扰素γ（IFN-γ）、白介素（IL）-2、IL-17、IL-4、IL-10、转化生长因子β（TGF-β）水平变化。结果肠组织透射电镜超微结构显示Model组造模成功;Model+FMT组与Model+5-ASA组微绒毛较为致密,形态正常,杯状细胞数目较多,线粒体轻微肿胀,粗面内质网病变不明显。Model+FMT组Th17细胞含量高于Control组、低于Model组,Model+5-ASA组Th17细胞含量低于Control组、Model组、Model+FMT组;Model+FMT组、Model+5-ASA组Th1细胞含量均分别低于Control组、Model组;Model+FMT组Th2细胞含量低于Control组、高于Model组,Model+5-ASA组Th2细胞含量低于Control组、高于Model组和Model+FMT组;Model+FMT组、Model+5-ASA组Treg细胞含量均分别低于Control组、高于Model组（P<0.05）。Model+5-ASA组IFN-γ细胞含量低于Model组;Model+FMT组、Model+5-ASA组IL-2细胞含量低于Model组;Model+FMT组、Model+5-ASA组IL-17细胞含量均分别低于Control组和Model组,Model+5-ASA组IL-17细胞含量低于Model+FMT组;Model+FMT组IL-4细胞含量低于Control组、高于Model组,Model+5-ASA组IL-4细胞含量高于Model组;Model+FMT组IL-10细胞含量高于Control组和Model组,Model+5-ASA组IL-10细胞含量高于Model组;Model+FMT组、Model+5-ASA组TGF-β细胞含量均分别低于Control组、高于Model组（P<0.05）。结论FMT可改善小鼠溃疡性结肠炎症状,推测其可能是通过调节Th1/Th2细胞平衡、Th17/Treg细胞比例达到治疗的目的。     

Gastrointestinal migrating motor complex during early stage of cholesterol gallstone formation in guinea pigs

Objective： To determine the changes of gastrointestinal migrating motor complex （MMC） during the early stage of cholesterol gallstone formation. Methods：Totally 45 healthy adult guinea pigs were randomly and equally divided into 3 groups, that is, normal control, group B （1% cholesterol diet for 2 weeks） and group C （1% cholesterol diet for 4 weeks）. Three pairs of silver electrodes were inserted into the gastric antrum, duodenum and jejunum of every animal respectively. Record of gastrointestinal MMC of these guinea pigs were recorded and analyzed. Gallbladder bile was taken to detect the formation of cholesterol gallstone. Results： There were only 29 guinea pigs living. The MMC cycle time and the duration of phase Ⅱ were prolonged significantly and gradually compared with the control group （P〈0.01）, but the duration of phase Ⅲ became significantly and gradually shorter. Conclusion： During the early stage of cholesterol gallstone formation, the MMC cycle time and the duration of phase Ⅱ are prolonged and the duration of phase Ⅲ is shortened.