Effect of prone positioning on the survival of patients with acute respiratory failure

BACKGROUND: Although placing patients with acute respiratory failure in a prone (face down) position improves their oxygenation 60 to 70 percent of the time, the effect on survival is not known. METHODS: In a multicenter, randomized trial, we compared conventional treatment (in the supine position) of patients with acute lung injury or the acute respiratory distress syndrome with a predefined strategy of placing patients in a prone position for six or more hours daily for 10 days. We enrolled 304 patients, 152 in each group. RESULTS: The mortality rate was 23.0 percent during the 10-day study period, 49.3 percent at the time of discharge from the intensive care unit, and 60.5 percent at 6 months. The relative risk of death in the prone group as compared with the supine group was 0.84 at the end of the study period (95 percent confidence interval, 0.56 to 1.27), 1.05 at the time of discharge from the intensive care unit (95 percent confidence interval, 0.84 to 1.32), and 1.06 at six months (95 percent confidence interval, 0.88 to 1.28). During the study period the mean (+/-SD) increase in the ratio of the partial pressure of arterial oxygen to the fraction of inspired oxygen, measured each morning while patients were supine, was greater in the prone than the supine group (63.0+/-66.8 vs. 44.6+/-68.2, P=0.02). The incidence of complications related to positioning (such as pressure sores and accidental extubation) was similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Although placing patients with acute respiratory failure in a prone position improves their oxygenation, it does not improve survival.     

KCNJ11 activating mutations in Italian patients with permanent neonatal diabetes

Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNDM) is a rare condition characterized by severe hyperglycemia constantly requiring insulin treatment from its onset. Complete deficiency of glucokinase (GCK) can cause PNDM; however, the genetic etiology is unknown in most PNDM patients. Recently, heterozygous activating mutations of KCNJ11, encoding Kir6.2, the pore forming subunit of the ATP-dependent potassium (K(ATP)) channel of the pancreatic beta-cell, were found in patients with PNDM. Closure of the K(ATP) channel exerts a pivotal role in insulin secretion by modifying the resting membrane potential that leads to insulin exocytosis. We screened the KCNJ11 gene in 12 Italian patients with PNDM (onset within 3 months from birth) and in six patients with non-autoimmune, insulin-requiring diabetes diagnosed during the first year of life. Five different heterozygous mutations were identified: c.149G>C (p.R50P), c.175G>A (p.V59M), c.509A>G (p.K170R), c.510G>C (p.K170N), and c.601C>T (p.R201C) in eight patients with diabetes diagnosed between day 3 and 182. Mutations at Arg50 and Lys170 residues are novel. Four patients also presented with motor and/or developmental delay as previously reported. We conclude that KCNJ11 mutations are a common cause of PNDM either in isolation or associated with developmental delay. Permanent diabetes of non autoimmune origin can present up to 6 months from birth in individuals with KCNJ11 and EIF2AK3 mutations. Therefore, we suggest that the acronym PNDM be replaced with the more comprehensive permanent diabetes mellitus of infancy (PDMI), linking it to the gene product (e.g., GCK-PDMI, KCNJ11-PDMI) to avoid confusion between patients with early-onset, autoimmune type 1 diabetes.     

Blinded, Externally Controlled Multicenter Evaluation of Light Microscopy and PCR for Detection of Microsporidia in Stool Specimens

The quality parameters for the detection of microsporidia in identical sets of 50 stool samples were determined for six laboratories where technicians used light microscopy and for six laboratories where technicians used PCR. The average overall sensitivities were 67% (89% for patient samples only) for the PCR laboratories and 54% (80% for patient samples only) for the light microscopy laboratories. Specificities were 98 and 95%, respectively. Differences in results were most apparent between the individual laboratories rather than between the two major methods used.     

Antimicrobial resistance of Acinetobacter spp. in Europe

Bacteria of the genus Acinetobacter are ubiquitous in nature. These organisms were invariably susceptible to many antibiotics in the 1970s. Since that time, acinetobacters have emerged as multiresistant opportunistic nosocomial pathogens. The taxonomy of the genus Acinetobacter underwent extensive revision in the mid-1980s, and at least 32 named and unnamed species have now been described. Of these, Acinetobacter baumannii and the closely related unnamed genomic species 3 and 13 sensu Tjernberg and Ursing (13TU) are the most relevant clinically. Multiresistant strains of these species causing bacteraemia, pneumonia, meningitis, urinary tract infections and surgical wound infections have been isolated from hospitalised patients worldwide. This review provides an overview of the antimicrobial susceptibilities of Acinetobacter spp. in Europe, as well as the main mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance, and summarises the remaining treatment options for multiresistant Acinetobacter infections.     

Pathology and pathogenesis of bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax

During October and November 2001, public health authorities investigated 11 patients with inhalational anthrax related to a bioterrorism attack in the United States. Formalin-fixed samples from 8 patients were available for pathological and immunohistochemical (IHC) study using monoclonal antibodies against the Bacillus anthracis cell wall and capsule. Prominent serosanguinous pleural effusions and hemorrhagic mediastinitis were found in 5 patients who died. Pulmonary infiltrates seen on chest radiographs corresponded to intraalveolar edema and hyaline membranes. IHC assays demonstrated abundant intra- and extracellular bacilli, bacillary fragments, and granular antigen-staining in mediastinal lymph nodes, surrounding soft tissues, and pleura. IHC staining in lung, liver, spleen, and intestine was present primarily inside blood vessels and sinusoids. Gram's staining of tissues was not consistently positive. In 3 surviving patients, IHC of pleural samples demonstrated abundant granular antigen-staining and rare bacilli while transbronchial biopsies showed granular antigen-staining in interstitial cells. In surviving patients, bacilli were not observed with gram's stains. Pathological and IHC studies of patients who died of bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax confirmed the route of infection. IHC was indispensable for diagnosis of surviving anthrax cases. The presence of B. anthracis antigens in the pleurae could explain the prominent and persistent hemorrhagic pleural effusions.     

Recombinant follicle stimulating hormone: development of the first biotechnology product for the treatment of infertility. Recombinant Human FSH Product Development Group

Genes encoding the common gonadotrophin subunit and folliclestimulating hormone (FSH)-specific ß subunit wereisolated from a DNA library derived from human fetal liver cells,and inserted into separate expression vectors containing a selectable/amplifiablegene. These vectors were inserted into the genome of the Chinesehamster ovary cell line, resulting in expression of large amountsof biologically active human (h)FSH. This cell line was culturedon microcarrier beads in a large-scale bioreactor. hFSH in thecell culture supernatant was purified to homogeneity by a multistepprocess. The mature ß subunit had seven fewer aminoacid residues than reported in the literature and three otherdifferences were found in the sequence. Similar oligosaccharidestructures were present on recombinant (r)-hFSH and a purifiedurinary (u)-hFSH preparation. In-vitro and in-vivo, the biologicalactivities of u- and r-hFSH were indistinguishable, r-hFSH wasformulated in ampoules containing 75 IU FSH activity ( 7.5 µgFSH), which accounts for >99% of the protein content of thepreparation. Studies in non-human primates and human volunteersshowed the pharmacokinetics of u- and r-hFSH to be similar.In healthy volunteers, r-hFSH stimulated follicular developmentand induced significant increases in serum oestradiol and inhibin.Clinical experience with r-hFSH has shown it is more effectiveat stimulating ovarian follicle growth than urinary gonadotrophins.It is also effective at initiating spermatogenesis when giventogether with human chorionic gonadotrophin.     

Multi-locus analysis of HLA class II genes in DR2-positive IDDM haplotypes in Finland

Abstract: In this study we characterized the haplotypes found in IDDM patients that normally confer resistance to the disease in order to localize the polymorphisms relevant for the protection. We studied 15 DR2-positive subjects with IDDM for their DRB1, DRB5 and DQB1 genes using RFLP, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), oligonucleotide typing, and in some specific cases direct sequencing after allele-specific PCR. In addition we analyzed 39 DR2-positive, IDDM non-associated haplotypes representing those haplotypes that are not inherited to probands and hence are present only in healthy family members. The frequency of the DRB1*1501-DRB5*0101-DQB1*0602 haplotype was slightly decreased among diabetic patients (80% vs. 92%). In addition, two unconventional haplotypes DRB1*1501-DRB5*0101-DQB1*05031 and DRB1*1501-DRB5*0101-DQB1*0502 were found in patients with IDDM while all the control ones were conventional. The sequencing of the DQB1*0602 allele present in IDDM haplotypes showed no differences when compared to the controls. These results support the primary but not absolute role of DQ in the protection against IDDM. An additional role of factors centromeric to DQB1 gene was suggested by findings based on the biallelic TaqI RFLP polymorphism of the DQA2 gene. All DR2-DQB1*0602 IDDM haplotypes were associated with the 2.1-kb fragment while in the control group the 2.1-kb and 1.9-kb fragments were evenly distributed.     

The immune response of healthy adults to a reduced dose of hepatitis B vaccine

Three hundred thirty-six medical personnel from hemodialysis centers were treated with three doses, 20 μg each, of the Merck hepatitis B vaccine (at 0, 1, and 6 months). Within 1 month after the first injection, 41% converted to anti-HBs positivity; after the second injection the conversion rate rose to 80–90%; and after the booster, to 96–98%. The later rate remained unchanged during the 18-month follow-up period. Only 2.8% of those vaccinated did not respond to the vaccine. The patterns of immune responses to 20-μg doses were found to be exactly the same as to 40-μg doses. It is suggested that reduced doses of vaccine should be as efficacious as the larger ones.