Molecular characterization of basidiomycetes associated with the decayed mangrove tree Xylocarpus granatum in Thailand

This study reports the frequency of decay (stem/butt rot) of Xylocarpus granatum trees at Hat Khanom-Mu Ko Thale Tai National Park, Nakhonsithammarat province, and other locations in Thailand, and the identification of purported causal basidiomycetes based on morphological and molecular analyses. Four survey plots at Hat Khanom-Mu Ko Thale Tai National Park were established and the incidence of butt rot determined. Percentage stem/butt rot incidence of X. granatum trees varied from 40.9 to 94.4?% with an average of 85.5?% along all four Plots. Trees in Plot 2 supported the heaviest incidence rate (94.4?%), with the lowest rate in Plot 3 (40.9?%). Ninety-two basidiomes were collected, and 46 fungal strains (50?%) isolated into axenic culture, the majority associated with tree roots (68.5?% of all collections) with 31.5?% from the tree trunks. Molecular results, based on LSU and ITS1, 2, 5.8?S rDNA analyses, confirmed that all samples belonged to the poroid genus Fulvifomes in the Hymenochaetaceae within the Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota. The 43 specimens sequenced grouped into three clades; one clade comprised specimens isolated from only the trunks and branches (14 strains), while the remainders were from roots (29 strains) and shown to be salt tolerant. The stem/butt rot strains formed unique phylotypes which did not group with other known Fulvifomes species.     

Anesthetic efficacies of intrapapillary injection in comparison to inferior alveolar nerve block for mandibular premolar extraction: a randomized clinical trial

Intrapapillary injection (IPI) has been suggested to improve pulpal anesthesia of mandibular teeth and to avoid complications from inferior alveolar nerve     

A taxonomic revision and phylogenetic reconstruction of the Jahnulales (Dothideomycetes), and the new family Manglicolaceae

Genera assigned to the Jahnulales are morphologically diverse, especially in ascospores equipped with or without appendages, sheaths or apical caps. They are predominantly freshwater fungi occurring on woody substrata, with Manglicola guatemalensis, Xylomyces chlamydosporus and X. rhizophorae the only species known from marine habitats. The order Jahnulales with 4 teleomorphic genera: Jahnula (15 species), Aliquandostipite (5), Megalohypha (1), Manglicola (2) and the anamorphic genera Brachiosphaera (2), Speiropsis (9), Xylomyces (8), amounting to a total of 42 species, is reviewed and nomenclatural changes are proposed. Twenty species are treated at the molecular level, with 94 sequences, 13 of which are newly generated for this review. Three species are rejected (Speiropsis irregularis, Xylomyces aquaticus, X. elegans) while the phylogenetic placement of 6 Xylomyces, 7 Speiropsis, 1 Brachiosphaera and 1 Manglicola require molecular data to confirm their placement in the order. Sequences are derived from ex-holotype isolates and new collections made in Thailand. Most taxa are included in the family Aliquandostipitaceae and a new family Manglicolaceae is erected for the marine ascomycete Manglicola guatemalensis with its large ascomata (1,100–1,750?×?290–640 μm), wide ostioles and ascospores that are fusiform, unequally one-septate with the apical cell larger than the turbinate basal cell and bear apical gelatinous appendages. The genus Jahnula is polyphyletic grouping in three clades with J. aquatica, J. granulosa, J. rostrata, J. potamophila and Megalohypha aqua-dulces in the Jahnula sensu stricto clade. No taxonomical changes are proposed for Jahnula species not grouping in the Jahnula sensu stricto clade, until further species are isolated and sequenced.