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Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b and Neisseria meningitidis are leading causes of vaccine-preventable diseases such as meningitis, sepsis and pneumonia. Although there has been much progress in the introduction of vaccines against these pathogens, access to vaccines remains elusive in some countries. This review highlights the current S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae type b, and N. meningitidis immunization schedules in the 10 countries belonging to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Epidemiologic studies may be useful for informing vaccine policy in these countries, particularly when determining the cost-effectiveness of introducing new vaccines. 相似文献
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April W. Armstrong Michael P. Siegel Jerry Bagel Erin E. Boh Megan Buell Kevin D. Cooper Kristina Callis Duffin Lawrence F. Eichenfield Amit Garg Joel M. Gelfand Alice B. Gottlieb John Y.M. Koo Neil J. Korman Gerald G. Krueger Mark G. Lebwohl Craig L. Leonardi Arthur M. Mandelin M. Alan Menter Abby S. Van Voorhees 《Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology》2017,76(2):290-298
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Perinatal outcomes among young Indigenous Australian mothers: A cross‐sectional study and comparison with adult Indigenous mothers 下载免费PDF全文
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Monique C. P. Mendon?a Edilene S. Soares Leila M. Stávale Catarina Rap?so Andressa Coope Evanguedes Kalapothakis Maria Alice da Cruz-H?fling 《Toxins》2013,5(12):2572-2588
Apart from its angiogenic and vascular permeation activity, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been also reported as a potent neuronal protector. Newborn rats with low VEGF levels develop neuron degeneration, while high levels induce protective mechanisms in several neuropathological conditions. Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom (PNV) disrupts the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and causes neuroinflammation in central neurons along with excitotoxic signals in rats and humans. All these changes are transient. Herein, we examined the expression of VEGF and its receptors, Flt-1 and Flk-1 in the hippocampal neurons following envenomation by PNV. Adult and neonatal rats were evaluated at time limits of 2, 5 and 24 h. Additionally, BBB integrity was assessed by measuring the expression of occludin, β-catenin and laminin and neuron viability was evaluated by NeuN expression. VEGF, Flt-1 and Flk-1 levels increased in PNV-administered rats, concurrently with respective mRNAs. Flt-1 and Flk-1 immunolabeling was nuclear in neurons of hippocampal regions, instead of the VEGF membrane-bound typical location. These changes occurred simultaneously with the transient decreases in BBB-associated proteins and NeuN positivity. Adult rats showed more prominent expressional increases of the VEGF/Flt-1/Flk-1 system and earlier recovery of BBB-related proteins than neonates. We conclude that the reactive expressional changes seen here suggest that VEGF and receptors could have a role in the excitotoxic mechanism of PNV and that such role would be less efficient in neonate rats. 相似文献