Effect of Endoscopic Sphincterotomy on Gallbladder Motility

In experimental animals, sphincterotomyfacilitates passage of solids from the gallbladder andinhibits gallstone formation apparently by improvementin gallbladder emptying. In humans, however, gallbladder emptying has not been studied followingendoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) in patients withgallstones. We therefore prospectively studied restingand cerulinstimulated gallbladder volumes by real timeultrasonography in 15 patients of choledocholithiasis withgallbladder in situ (eight with and seven withoutgallbladder calculi) before and after (after bile ductclearance) ES. ES significantly lowered restinggallbladder volume (21.2 ± 10.6 vs 11.1 ±5.0; P < 0.0001) and cerulin-stimulated residualgallbladder volume (10.8 ± 5.6 vs 4.4 ±2.1; P < 0.0001). ES also significantly increased thegallbladder ejection fraction (47.3 ± 12.1% vs 58.8 ± 11.1%; P < 0.0001). Therate constant for gallbladder emptying after cerulininfusion also increased significantly after ES(–0.022/min vs –0.031/ min; P < 0.0001).Significant improvement in gallbladder motility was observed in both groups ofpatients with and without gallbladder calculi. ESsignificantly improves gallbladder motility inhumans.     

Studies on the optimal conditions for inactivation of Bordetella pertussis organisms with glutaraldehyde for preparation of a safe and potent pertussis vaccine

The optimal conditions for inactivation of Bordetella pertussis organisms with glutaraldehyde for the production of a safe and potent whole cell pertussis vaccine were investigated. Two bacterial harvests from B. pertussis strain 10536 were treated with glutaraldehyde, each with 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1% concentrations of glutaraldehyde for 10, 60 and 120 min. The nine types of glutaraldehyde-inactivated pertussis vaccine (GIPV) and conventional heat-inactivated pertussis vaccine (HIPV) preparations made from two bacterial harvests were comparatively evaluated for the mouse weight gain test (MWGT), potency, and the histamine-sensitization (HS) and leucocytosis-promoting-factor (LPF) tests. The minimum period for killing the B. pertussis organisms with glutaraldehyde was>10 min for 0.025%, 10 min for 0.05% and 5 min for 0.1% concentration. The average loss in opacity varied from 5 to 10% for GIPV preparations and was 14% for HIPV preparations. The GIPV preparations except those inactivated with 0.025% glutaraldehyde for 10 min (GIPV-A) were much less toxic than the HIPV preparations in the MWGT. The GIPV-A preparations did not pass the MWGT. The GIPV preparations were also much less toxic in HS and LPF tests than the HIPV preparation. The potency of GIPV preparations inactivated with 0.05% glutaraldehyde for 10 min (GIPV-D) was similar to that of HIPV preparations. The prolonged treatments with glutaraldehyde reduced the potency. The GIPV-D preparation with good potency and less toxicity was found to be inactivated with glutaraldehyde under optimal conditions. All the preparations were innocuous in the abnormal toxicity test.     

Phase I and pharmacologie study of liposomal daunorubicin (DaunoXome)

Summary We have completed a phase I and pharmacology study of liposomally-encapsulated daunorubicin (DaunoXome). Of 32 patients entered, 30 were evaluable. No toxicity was encountered at the initial doseescalation steps from 10 to 60 mg/m². At 80 mg/m², two patients manifested grade 2 neutropenia. At least grade 3 neutropenia occurred in all patients receiving 120 mg/m². Alopecia and subjective intolerance were mild. Cardiotoxicity was not observed except for an episode of arrhythmia in a patient with lung cancer and prior radiation. Only one minor objective response was observed in this population of refractory solid tumors. Pharmacokinetics differed from those of the free drug with no detection of daunorubicinol. We recommend future phase II studies with a dose of 100 mg/m² in previously treated and 120 mg/m² of DaunoXome in previously untreated patients with solid tumors.EDW is supported in part by ACS award 92-14-1     

Paediatric dacryocystorhinostomy

Of 258 cases of dacryocystorhinostomy performed on children in the period September 1981 to September 1991, 130 were for simple, unresolved congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Other indications for surgery included punctal agenesis, lacrimal fistula, post-traumatic and post-inflammatory canalicular obstruction. Of 177 children without canalicular pathology, 171 (96%) were relieved of symptoms with one operation, without canalicular intubation. Of 81 cases with canalicular disease, 55 of 70 (79%) who underwent DCR plus canalicular intubation, and 10 of 11 who underwent DCR plus Lester-Jones tube, were substantially improved with one operation. No child required peroperative or postoperative blood transfusion. Dacryocystorhinostomy in childhood, in experienced surgical hands, is a safe procedure, achieving relief of symptoms in most cases, particularly in the absence of canalicular disease.     

Endarterectomy as an adjunct to coronary artery bypass grafting

Between November 1988 and February 1992, 416 patients required coronary endarterectomy for diffuse coronary artery disease. This constitutes 16.19 per cent of all patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting during the same period. A total of 528 endarterectomies were performed. Four-hundred and twenty-two endarterectomies were performed on right coronary system and 106 endarterectomies were performed on left coronary system. One-hundred and twelve (26.92%) patients required more than one endarterectomies. The hospital mortality was 2.16 percent. 3.37 per cent of patients had perioperative infarction. Intraaortic balloon pump was required in 1.92 per cent of patients. 5.77 per cent of the patients had significant arrhythmias. The patients have been followed up for a mean period of 27 months. One-hundred and forty patients were evaluated by exercise multigated radionuclide angiogram. One-hundred and thirty-four (95.71%) patients showed increase in ejection fraction as compared to preoperative value. Six (4.29%) patients did not show any significant change while eight (5.71%) patients had fall in ejection fraction. Postoperative coronary angiogram was done in 44 patients at a mean of 10 months. 89.59 per cent of grafts to the endarterectomised vessels and 91.67% of grafts to nonendarterectomised vessel were patent. The difference between the two groups was not statistically significant.     

Topographic organization of descending projection neurons to the spinal cord of the goldfish, Carassius auratus

Several neurons from different nuclei give rise to descending spinal tracts and project to various levels in the spinal cord of goldfish, Carassius auratus. These were visualized by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) administered to the bilaterally transected spinal cord at 6 levels, corresponding to 1st, 5th, 10th, 15th, 20th and 25gh segments of the vertebral column. As many as 16 brain nuclei or neuronal aggregations and the Mauthner cells project posteriorly up to the 20th spinal segment. Restricted neurons of the dorsolateral area in the nucleus preopticus magnocellularis and those of the ventromedial nucleus of the thalamus projected up to the 20th and 25th segments respectively. In the mesencephalon, the nucleus ruber and the nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus revealed retrogradely labeled somata; the former extended up to the 20th segment, while the latter projected up to the 25th segment. The remaining descending projected neurons of the brain belonged to the rhombencephalon. The nucleus of the lateral lemniscus; anterior, magnocellular, descending and posterior divisions of the octaval nucleus: raphe nucleus; Mauthner cell and the neurons located adjacent to the trigeminal tract and those in the vicinity of the secondary gustatory tract sent their processes up to 20th segmental level. However, somata of the superior, medial and inferior divisions of the reticular nucleus and restricted neurons of the facial lobe extended up to 25th segmental level. The pattern of neuronal projections into the spinal cord suggests a topographic organization.     

Effect of vitamin A deficiency on oxalate uptake by rat intestinal brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) and its contribution towards urolithiasis

The intestinal uptake of [14C]oxalate, [14C]glyoxylate, and [14C]glycolate are studied in brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) isolated from vitamin A-deficient and pair-fed control rats. The data obtained indicate that oxalate and its precursors are transported across the BBMV by passive diffusion. The intestinal uptake of glyoxylate and glycolate remains unaltered in vitamin A deficiency, while uptake rate of oxalate was significantly increased (p less than 0.01) in vitamin A-deficient rats as compared to pair-fed controls. In conclusion, the results indicate that vitamin A deficiency leads to hyperabsorption of oxalate through the gut.     

Aortopulmonary window with patent ductus arteriosus and interrupted aortic arch: A case report

Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery -     

Spontaneous gall bladder perforation: a rare entity in infants.

Spontaneous gall bladder perforation in infants is rare. We report a 3-month-old male infant who presented with progressive abdominal distension, low-grade fever, bilateral hydrocele and acholic stools. Ultrasonography showed free fluid in the peritoneal cavity, which was bile-stained on paracentesis. Surgical exploration revealed sterile biliary peritonitis and a gangrenous gall bladder. Partial cholecystectomy with external biliary drainage resulted in satisfactory recovery.