CO2 conversion into methanol under ambient conditions using efficient nanocomposite photocatalyst/solar-energy materials in aqueous medium

A promising route to solve the CO₂ issue is its photocatalytic back-conversion to H-based solar fuels/chemicals, particularly methanol – being widely used as a strategic material in chemical/energy-related industries. Herein, the authors address this globally interesting problem and demonstrate how through an effortless hydrothermal route and using earth-abundant elements, two efficient carbon nanotube (CNT)-based heterojunction photocatalyst/solar-energy materials, viz. CNT/NiO and CNT/NiO/Fe₂O₃ are synthesized and employed for methanol production. The investigations revealed that both binary and ternary composites could selectively (≥93%) produce methanol using CO₂ feed in aqueous medium. Moreover, a higher performance (energy efficiency: 1.81%) was witnessed for the ternary photocatalyst. From a catalytic standpoint, the superior activity of the CNT/NiO/Fe₂O₃ photocatalyst was discussed in detail in terms of its larger surface area, higher absorption of incident light, better charge separation/transfer, and generation of greater photo-voltage/current to effectually split the water medium and achieve the photoconversion process. A mechanistic scheme was finally proposed for the production of methanol and methane, as liquid and gas phase products, respectively.

CNT-based nanocomposite photocatalyst/solar-energy materials serving as in situ hydrogen generators for selective conversion [hydrogenation] of CO₂ into methanol: a mechanistic/photoelectrochemical outlook.     

Impact of donor age on long‐term outcomes after delayed graft function: 10‐year follow‐up

Delayed graft function (DGF) has a negative impact on graft survival in donation after brain death (DBD) but not for donation after cardiac death (DCD) kidneys. However, older donor age is associated with graft loss in DCD transplants. We sought to examine the interaction between donor age and DGF in DBD kidneys. This is a single‐center, retrospective review of 657 consecutive DBD recipients transplanted between 1990 and 2005. We stratified the cohort by decades of donor age and studied the association between DGF and graft failure using Cox models. The risk of graft loss associated with DGF was not significantly increased for donor age below 60 years (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.12, 1.51, and 0.90, respectively, for age <40, 41–50 and 51–60 years) but significantly increased after 60 years (aHR 2.67; P = 0.019). Analysis of death‐censored graft failure yielded similar results for donor age below 60 years and showed a substantially increased risk with donors above 60 years (aHR 6.98, P = 0.002). This analysis reveals an unexpectedly high impact of older donor age on the association between DGF and renal transplant outcomes. Further research is needed to determine the best use of kidneys from donors above 60 years old, where DGF is expected.     

The effects of corticosteroid injection versus local anesthetic injection in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis: a randomized single-blinded clinical trial

Introduction

This study seeks to compare two treatment methods of lateral epicondylitis: corticosteroid injection (CSI) and a local anesthetic injection (LAI).

Materials and methods

In this single-blinded randomized clinical trial, 138 patients with the diagnosis of lateral epicondylitis were assigned either into CSI group receiving methylprednisolone 1 ml (49 patients) or LAI group (51 patients) receiving procaine 1 ml 2 % in a single dose at the maximal point tenderness site. The primary outcome measure was elbow disability using Quick DASH, and secondary outcome measures were pain intensity using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and recurrence rate at pretreatment visit and at 3-, 6- and 12-week post-treatment visits.

Results

There were no significant differences between the patients in both groups for demographic factors including age, gender, dominant hand, involved hand, and work pressure. Before treatment, the patients in both groups were suffering from the same rates of elbow disability and pain as measured by Quick DASH and VAS, respectively, (p > 0.05). In general, the recovery rate (comparison between pretreatment visit and last post-treatment visit) was significantly more effective and higher in CSI than LAI. CSI was dramatically more effective at 3-week visit, but less and less effective at 6- and 12-week visits. At 12-week visit the recurrence rate was 34.7 % (17 patients) in CSI group.

Conclusion

For lateral epicondylitis, CSI has the best short-term treatment results yet the highest recurrent rates. The combination of CSI with other treatment option or with a change in injection technique from single injection to peppering injection may be promising.     

Sympathetic skin response in incomplete spinal cord injury with urinary incontinence

Objectives:

Sympathetic skin response (SSR) is a test for evaluation of the sympathetic sweat gland pathways, and it has been used to study the central sympathetic pathways in spinal cord injury (SCI). This study aimed to assess the autonomic pathways according to normal or abnormal SSR in urinary incontinence patients due to incomplete spinal cord injury.

Materials and Methods:

Suprapubic, palmar, and plantar SSR to the peripheral nerve electrical stimulation were recorded in 16 urinary incontinence patients with incomplete spinal cord injury at various neurological levels and in 30 healthy control subjects.

Results:

All the recordings of SSR from the incomplete SCI patients with urinary incontinence as compared with their counterparts in the control group showed significantly reduced amplitudes with more prominent reduction in the suprapubic area recording site (P value < 0.0004). SSR with significantly prolonged latencies were recorded from palm and plantar areas in response to suprapubic area and tibial N stimuli, respectively (P value < 0.02). In this study, a significantly higher stimulus intensity (P value < 0.01) was needed to elicit SSR in the cases compared with the control group.

Conclusion:

This study showed abnormal SSR in urinary incontinence patients due to incomplete SCI. In addition, for the first time we have described recording of abnormal SSR from the suprapubic area as another way to show bladder sympathetic system involvement.     

Tamil Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale

International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction -     

Evaluation of Onlay Island Flap Technique in Shallow Urethral Plate Hypospadiasis

Background:

Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital genital anomalies in males that necessitates to be operated early in infancy (when 6 to 9 months old). On the other hand, hypospadias is a challenging field of pediatric urology with multiple reconstruction techniques. A perfect hypospadias repair is supposed to return urethral continuity with sufficient caliber, eradicate phallus curvature, and supply an acceptable appearance with low complications.

Objectives:

This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of using onlay island flap technique in the repair of hypospadias with shallow urethral plate.

Patients and Methods:

In this prospective study within June 2012 to December 2013, we performed onlay island flap procedure to repair hypospadias with shallow urethral plate measuring less than 6 millimeter. This technique was selected for all types of hypospadiasis except subcoronal type. Nesbit’s dorsal plication procedure was established for chordee. In cases with very small glans, urethroplasty was performed without glansplasty.

Results:

Twenty three patients with mean age of 30 (range 10 - 60) months underwent onlay island flap repair; all had a shallow urethral plate < 6 mm, 3 had a very small glans, and 18 had chordee. Meatus was located in distal shaft in 5 cases, mid shaft in 8, proximal in 6 and penoscrotal type in 4 patients. Chordee was corrected with Nesbit’s dorsal plication in 16 cases. Complications were: meatal stenosis in 2 cases and urethrocutaneous fistula in 2 patients, all of which were repaired surgically. Mean follow up time was 13 (3 - 20) months. All cases that had glansplasty have excellent esthetic appearance.

Conclusions:

This technique offers acceptable results regarding meatal stenosis, urethrocutaneous fistula and esthetic outcome.     

Increased prenatal blood manganese may induce gestational blood pressure

Objective: Pregnancy hypertension is the most common gestational complication and poses a critical risk for mother and fetus. Whether environmental factors may play an important role in disease occurrence is not fully determined. Methods: To investigate the effects of prenatal manganese (Mn) exposure on gestational blood pressure, 386 women were examined. Results: Early pregnancy blood Mn was significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with blood pressure through gestation. A significant association between odds of pre-hypertension with blood Mn was shown (OR:1.150, 95% CI:1.052–1.258). Conclusion: The current study results might suggest the blood Mn level during early stage of pregnancy as a potential risk factor for increasing the risk of gestational blood pressure.     

Maximizing Weight Loss After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass May Decrease Risk of Incident Organ Cancer

Background

Recent studies have suggested that metabolic surgery reduces cancer risk. This study aims to determine if incident cancer is associated with the extent of weight loss after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB).

Methods

Patients at a large tertiary bariatric surgery center were retrospectively reviewed to identify patients with no history of cancer at the time of RYGB. Diagnoses in the electronic health record, a tumor registry, and chart review were used to identify postoperative incident solid organ cancer. The overall incidence of organ cancer was estimated using Kaplan-Meier analysis. The percent total body weight loss (%TWL) in the 48 months after surgery but prior to cancer was compared between those that developed organ cancer versus those that did not using repeated measures linear regression.

Results

The 2943 patients had a mean age of 45.6 years (SD?=?11.1), 81 % were female, and a mean baseline body mass index (BMI) of 47.2 kg/m² (SD?=?7.9). Median follow-up after surgery was 3.8 years (range?=?[<1, 12]). Incident organ cancer developed and was verified in 54 of the 2943 patients (1.8 %). Kaplan-Meier estimates for cancer at 3, 5, and 10 years postsurgery were 1.3, 2.5, and 4.2 %. After adjusting for age, BMI, sex, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, patients that developed organ cancer achieved less weight loss (?1.5 % TWL, 95 % CI?=?[?2.9 %, ?0.1 %], p?=?0.034).

Conclusions

Greater weight loss after metabolic surgery may be associated with lower organ cancer risk.