Isoflurane Preconditions Hippocampal Neurons against Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation: Role of Intracellular Ca2+ and Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Signaling

Background: Isoflurane preconditions neurons to improve tolerance of subsequent ischemia in both intact animal models and in in vitro preparations. The mechanisms for this protection remain largely undefined. Because isoflurane increases intracellular Ca2+ concentrations and Ca2+ is involved in many processes related to preconditioning, the authors hypothesized that isoflurane preconditions neurons via Ca2+-dependent processes involving the Ca2+- binding protein calmodulin and the mitogen-activated protein kinase-ERK pathway.

Methods: The authors used a preconditioning model in which organotypic cultures of rat hippocampus were exposed to 0.5-1.5% isoflurane for a 2-h period 24 h before an ischemia-like injury of oxygen-glucose deprivation. Survival of CA1, CA3, and dentate neurons was assessed 48 later, along with interval measurements of intracellular Ca2+ concentration (fura-2 fluorescence microscopy in CA1 neurons), mitogen-activated protein kinase p42/44, and the survival associated proteins Akt and GSK-3[beta] (in situ immunostaining and Western blots).

Results: Preconditioning with 0.5-1.5% isoflurane decreased neuron death in CA1 and CA3 regions of hippocampal slice cultures after oxygen-glucose deprivation. The preconditioning period was associated with an increase in basal intracellular Ca2+ concentration of 7-15%, which involved Ca2+ release from inositol triphosphate-sensitive stores in the endoplasmic reticulum, and transient phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase p42/44 and the survival-associated proteins Akt and GSK-3[beta]. Preconditioning protection was eliminated by the mitogen-activated extracellular kinase inhibitor U0126, which prevented phosphorylation of p44 during preconditioning, and by calmidazolium, which antagonizes the effects of Ca2+-bound calmodulin.     

膀胱癌膀胱全切术后尿道复发的风险评估及对策

目的 探讨膀胱癌膀胱全切术后尿道复发的危险因素及处理方法。方法 回顾分析278例膀胱癌膀胱全切患者的临床资料，其中24例发生了尿道复发。运用cox’s多因素回归模型对影响复发的危险因素进行评价。结果 6例选择性尿道切除者无1例死于肿瘤；24例尿道复发者10例死于肿瘤转移。多因素分析表明前列腺受累、膀胱颈受累、三角区肿瘤、多发肿瘤和原位癌是影响尿道复发的危险因素，相对危险度分别为1．573，1．532，1．360，1.337和1．213。结论 前列腺受累、膀胱颈受累、三角区肿瘤、多发肿瘤或原位癌是预防性尿道切除术的指征。保留尿道的患者宜尽量行正位排尿的尿流改道术。     

Parkinson''''s Disease and Smoking: An Integral Part of PD''''s Etiological Study

INTRODUCTION Parkinson抯 disease (PD), a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder, is featured with bradykinesia, resting, muscular rigidity, gait disturbances, and postural reflex impairment[1]. PD is rare before age of 50 years, but it increases dramatically with older ages, with peak onset occurring during the age of 70-85 years. In the United States, prevalence of PD in all age groups is approximately 150 per 100 000 and is roughly 30 per 100 000 at age of less than 50 years and 800 …     

经肛门切除低位直肠间质瘤并肛瘘1例

患者男,57岁.因排便排尿困难、便条变扁、腹部不适1年,加重1个月于2006-02-26入院.无便血.肛诊:膀胱截石位1点、距肛缘外3 cm处见一直径约2 mm外瘘口,有少许脓性分泌物溢出,可扪及指向肛管的索条状物.     

近视对青少年及儿童角膜内皮细胞的影响

资料显示 ,准分子激光屈光性角膜手术和长期配戴角膜接触镜对角膜内皮细胞均有一定影响[1 3] 。我们于 2 0 0 0年 6月至 2 0 0 1年 12月观察并分析了 16 6例患有近视的青少年或儿童患者的角膜内皮细胞各项检查的结果 ,以期为青少年配戴角膜接触镜及行屈光性角膜手术的安全性提供依据 ,现将结果报告如下。一、资料和方法1 一般资料及分组 :选择 2 0 0 0年 6月至 2 0 0 1年 12月于我院眼科门诊进行屈光检查的青少年及儿童近视患者 16 6例 ( 332只眼 )作为近视组 ,其中男性 90例 ( 180只眼 ) ,女性76例 ( 15 2只眼 )。年龄 4～ 30岁 ,平均 ( 16…     

脾虚络阻与衰老关系的理论探讨

探讨了脾胃与络脉在生理病理上的密切关系，提出脾虚络阻是衰老的基本病理生理变化，是导致衰老的重要原因之一。     

牵引挤按手法结合中药治疗急性踝关节扭伤38例

目的：观察牵引挤按手法结合活血化瘀膏治疗急性踝关节扭伤的临床疗效。方法：运用牵引挤按手法结合活血化瘀膏治疗急性踝关节扭伤38例，并观察其临床疗效。结果：38例中，治愈34例，显效2例，有效1例，无效1例，总有效率97．37％。结论：牵引挤按手法结合活血化瘀膏治疗急性踝关节扭伤疗效肯定，临床值得推广应用。     

门脉高压症食管静脉曲张破裂出血的治疗

门脉高压症是门静脉系统血流受阻或血流量增加所致的以门静脉压力升高、脾大、食管胃底静脉曲张和腹水为特点的临床综合征，是肝硬化最为常见并发症之一。门脉高压症引起的上消化道出血的原因是食管静脉曲张破裂出血和门脉高压充血性胃病，后者包括胃粘膜病变和肝源性消化性溃疡。食管静脉曲张破裂出血最多见，是门脉高压最凶险的并发症，其病死率为22％～84％，首次出血病死率为40％以上，再次出血病死率方60％以上。因此这类患者出血后即期处理尤为重要。     

放血和饥饿致家兔血虚证模型的造模及实验研究

本文首次采用放血与饥饿相结合的方法,以较长的时间复合因素制作了29只家兔血虚模型,并就其生物学特性,血液流变学、微循环、心钠素等变化进行观察,同时还观察了补血中药的疗效,结果较满意.该模型具有简便、客观、定量、可重复等特点.     

青少年初始血压高者在高血压发生中的预测意义

为探讨初始血压偏高者在高血压发生中的预测意义，对汉中农村４６２３名年龄６～１５岁青少年血压，经过８年随访（末次随访率为８２．０７％）证明，基线调查收缩压百分位与８年后的收缩压相关系数，男为０．３３，女为０．２８，舒张压均为０．２０；基线调查收缩压在第７５百分位（Ｐ７５）以上者，８年后血压≥１８．７／１２．０ｋＰａ（１４０／９０ｍｍＨｇ）的机率是＜Ｐ５０以下的３．９１倍，初始血压百分位愈高相对危险性愈大；如同时初始收缩压≥Ｐ７５、体重指数≥Ｐ９０，并有高血压病家族史者，发生高血压的机率为２７．６％，是收缩压＜Ｐ７５、体重指数＜Ｐ９０和无高血压家族史者的６．５７倍。我们认为，青少年初始血压高者是成年高血压的易感人群，特别当伴有肥胖或超重及高血压家族史者，预测意义更大。