Multiphase radon generation and transport in porous materials

Radon generation and transport in porous materials involve solid, liquid, and gas phases in the processes of emanation, diffusion, advection, absorption, and adsorption. Oversimplifications, such as representing moist soil systems by air-phase emanation and transport models, cause theoretical inconsistencies and biases in resulting calculations. Detailed Rn rate balance equations for solid, liquid, and gas phases were analyzed and combined using phase equilibrium constants to derive a single diffusive-advective rate balance equation in the traditional form. The emanation, diffusion, and permeability coefficients in the new equation have expanded definitions and interpretations to include Rn phase transfer. Radon adsorption was characterized by an exponential moisture dependence, and diffusion and permeability constants utilized previous moisture relationships. Correct boundary and interface conditions were defined, and the unified theoretical approach was applied to field data from a diffusion-dominated system and to laboratory data from an advection-dominated system. Measured 222Rn fluxes and concentrations validated the modeled values within the measurement variability in both applications.     

Use of carbon fibers for repair of abdominal-wall defects in rats

Carbon in the form of 8-micron fibers induces growth of connective tissue. The purpose of this study was to measure and histologically characterize tissue ingrowth occurring in carbon fibers implanted for up to 12 months in abdominal-wall defects in rats, compared with polypropylene mesh. Carbon fibers induced significantly more tissue ingrowth than polypropylene mesh at 6 to 12 months postoperatively. The predominant tissues associated with carbon fibers and polypropylene mesh were dense connective tissue and fat, respectively. Fragmentation of the implants did not occur, and implant debris was not found in the regional lymph nodes. Carbon fibers are potentially useful for reinforcing abdominal-wall defects.     

FEASIBILITY OF CONDUCTING CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOME RESEARCH IN AUSTRALIAN GENERAL PRACTICE: RESULTS FROM THE ANBP2 PILOT STUDY

1. The present study aimed to determine the feasibility of conducting a 5 year cardiovascular outcome trial of the treatment of 6000 elderly hypertensive patients in Australian general practices. 2. General practitioners (GPs) were invited to participate by mail and personal follow-up. Patient records were reviewed to identify subjects for a blood pressure (BP) screening programme. Blood pressure was measured on three occasions and eligible subjects were included if the average BP was 160 mmHg systolic or 90 mmHg diastolic if systolic BP was 140 mmHg. 3. Seven hundred and forty-one GPs were approached and 89 were enrolled in the study (12% of mail invites and 75% of those receiving a personal contact). In 16 practices where screening was completed, 82 000 records were reviewed to identify 4% patients eligible for screening. Twenty-two per cent of eligible subjects attended screening. Of 1938 subjects screened, 180 (9%) had BP 5=160/90 mmHg. Forty-seven percent of subjects (n = 916) were receiving antihypertensive therapy and 184 (20%) were withdrawn from therapy. One hundred and sixteen (63%) of these subjects had BP return to study entry levels within 6 weeks. Fifty-seven newly diagnosed and 81 previously treated subjects were randomized (7% of the screened population). 4. Based on the high participation rate of GPs, the response rate of patients to attend a BP screening programme and the 7% randomization to screening ratio for entry into the study, the ANBP2 pilot study has demonstrated that it is feasible to recruit subjects from Australian general practices to a cardiovascular outcome trial.     

Regional cerebrovascular reactivity to carbon dioxide during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with cerebrovascular disease

In patients with cerebrovascular disease, hypercarbia may cause redistribution of regional cerebral blood flow from marginally perfused to well-perfused regions (intracerebral steal), as evidenced by regional cerebral blood flow studies during carotid endarterectomy. During hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass, the pH-stat method of acid-base management produces relative hypercarbia. To determine whether pH-stat management produces relative hypercarbia. To determine whether pH-stat management induces intracerebral steals, we investigated nine patients with cerebrovascular disease undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. During hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass, arterial carbon dioxide tension was varied in random order between 40 mm Hg and 60 mm Hg (uncorrected for body temperature). Regional cerebral blood flow was measured by clearance of 133 xenon injected into the arterial inflow cannula. Nasopharyngeal temperature (26.8 degrees-28.0 degrees +/- 2.2 degrees-3.0 degrees C), perfusion flow rate (2.14-2.18 +/- 0.70-0.73 L/min/m2), mean arterial pressure (67-68 +/- 6-9 mm Hg), arterial carbon dioxide tension (302-308 +/- 109-113 mm Hg), and hematocrit (23% +/- 4%) were maintained within narrow limits in each patient during arterial carbon dioxide tension manipulation. Global mean cerebral blood flow values were similar to previously reported values in patients free of cerebrovascular disease; patients in this study averaged 15.2 +/- 2.5 ml/100 gm/min at an arterial carbon dioxide tension of 46.1 +/- 8.4 mm Hg and 25.3 +/- 6.1 ml/100 gm/min at an arterial carbon dioxide tension of 71.1 +/- 11.8 mm Hg. Carbon dioxide reactivity, defined as mean global cerebral blood flow (in ml/100 gm/min) divided by arterial carbon dioxide tension (in mm Hg), was similar in the region having the lowest regional cerebral blood flow and in the brain as a whole. No patient developed evidence of an intracerebral steal at the higher arterial carbon dioxide tension. During hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass, higher levels of arterial carbon dioxide tension, such as those associated with the pH-stat management technique, are apparently not associated with potentially harmful redistribution of cerebral blood flow in patients with cerebrovascular disease.     

Nutritional determinants of haemostatic factors in the Caerphilly Study

A study of possible nutritional determinants of certain haemostatic factors (heparin-neutralizing activity, fibrinogen and antithrombin III) was conducted in the Caerphilly cohort of 2512 men. Data on diet were obtained in a sub-sample of 665 men by a 7-d weighed dietary inventory and in the complete cohort by questionnaire. All the associations between major nutrients and haemostatic factors were weak and few achieved statistical significance. There were significant associations between two of the blood tests and total energy intake which suggests that, in general, relationships between nutritional variables and thrombosis-related factors should be standardized for total energy intake. Negative associations between alcohol, fibrinogen and antithrombin III and positive associations between fibre, polyunsaturated fat and antithrombin III are of possible clinical or public health importance. However, nutritional factors appear to explain only about 3 per cent of the variance in the distributions of the haemostatic factors examined. The extent to which uncertainties in the measurement of dietary intake will have led to the underestimate of the true association is, of course, unknown. At the same time it is of relevance that in similar studies of dietary determinants of plasma cholesterol only about 3 per cent of the variance of cholesterol levels can be explained.     

Regional activity of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase in rat brain.

The sp act of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase has been measured in individual regions of adult rat brain to see if site-specific differences in enzyme activity can aid in the understanding of brain abnormalities observed in well-treated galactosemic patients. The sp act in the cerebellum, brain stem, and midbrain were higher than in the cortex, hippocampus, and striatum. Activity in the cerebellum was 2-fold greater than that found in the cortex. Steady state levels of mRNA of the enzyme in the cerebellum were twice that of the cortex corresponding to the ratio of enzyme sp act in the two regions. Measurement of the kinetic parameters in tissue from the cerebellum and cortex revealed that the regional specificity in enzyme activity observed in the brain represents differences in the Vmax. Inhibition of the enzyme by uridine and uridine triphosphate was essentially the same for all regions and was not influenced by the 2-fold differences observed in the levels of enzyme. Inhibition by uridine was significantly greater than that for uridine triphosphate.     

The bioavailability and nonlinear pharmacokinetics of MK-679 in humans

MK-679 (R(?)-3-((3-(2-(7-chloro-2-quinolinyl)ethenyl)phenyl)(3-(dimethylamino)-3-oxopropyl)thio)methyl)thio(propanoic acid) is a potent and specific LTD₄-receptor antagonist. The disposition of MK-679 was investigated in a three-way crossover study in 12 healthy males receiving single intravenous doses of 75, 250, and 500 mg of MK-679. A greater than proportional increase in the area under the plasma concentration—time curve of MK-679 was observed with increase in dose. The plasma concentration data for each subject fitted well to the differential equations for a two-compartment model with linear tissue distribution and Michaelis-Menten elimination from the central compartment, indicating that the elimination of MK-679 in humans is saturable. In a previous study, the disposition of MK-679 in humans was also dose-dependent when given together with its S(+)-isomer, L-668,018. Thus, the disposition of MK-679 in humans is dose-dependent regardless of the presence of its stereoisomer. Also, the bioavailability of MK-679 was determined in six healthy males receiving simultaneously an oral dose of 250 mg of MK-679 and intravenous infusion of 1 mg ¹⁴C-MK-679. Results of this study indicate that the oral bioavailability of MK-679 is nearly quantitative.