诸暨麻疹疫苗免疫持久性研究基地一次麻疹流行情况的调查

1985年2~6月间,研究基地五个乡发生显性麻疹122例,为基地建立以来前11年病例总数的9.4倍,87.7%的病例集中在小学和幼儿园。
显性感染仅见于麻疹HI抗体<1:2者。不同原因导致麻疹HI抗体<1:2者,在暴露于自然麻疹后,原发免疫失败全表现为显性感染,继发免疫失败主要表现为隐性感染或不感染。
本次麻疹流行,再次证实当人群麻疹HI抗体阳性率在85%左右、阳性GMT为10.8左右的免疫水平时,虽有传染源输入,除个别易感者特别集中的单位可酿成较高罹患率外。不致造成大的流行。此外还观察到研究观察对象在充分暴露于自然麻疹后可获高达75%的隐性感染率,认为这对巩固和提高人群免疫水平具有积极意义,因而实行一次有效的麻疹疫苗接种在目前是可行的。     

Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Middle-aged Patients

Background: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) after noncardiac surgery is strongly associated with increasing age in elderly patients; middle-aged patients (aged 40-60 yr) may be expected to have a lower incidence, although subjective complaints are frequent.

Methods: The authors compared the changes in neuropsychological test results at 1 week and 3 months in patients aged 40-60 yr, using a battery of neuropsychological tests, with those of age-matched control subjects using Z-score analysis. They assessed risk factors and associations of POCD with measures of subjective cognitive function, depression, and activities of daily living.

Results: At 7 days, cognitive dysfunction as defined was present in 19.2% (confidence interval [CI], 15.7-23.1) of the patients and in 4.0% (CI, 1.6-8.0) of control subjects (P < 0.001). After 3 months, the incidence was 6.2% (CI, 4.1-8.9) in patients and 4.1% (CI, 1.7-8.4) in control subjects (not significant). POCD at 7 days was associated with supplementary epidural analgesia and reported avoidance of alcohol consumption. At 3 months, 29% of patients had subjective symptoms of POCD, and this finding was associated with depression. Early POCD was associated with reports of lower activity scores at 3 months.     

Comparison of bronchial responsiveness to histamine in asthma, allergic rhinitis and allergic sensitization at the age of 7 years

BACKGROUND: Bronchial responsiveness (BR) to histamine or methacholin is a common finding in adult non-asthmatic patients with allergic rhinitis. OBJECTIVE: We tested whether BR is also present in children with a comparatively short history of allergic rhinitis in a paediatric cohort. METHODS: We performed pulmonary function tests and histamine challenges in a total of 654 children (age 7 years, participants of the German Multicenter Allergy Study) and compared PC20 FEV1 values in children with asthma, allergic rhinitis, asymptomatic allergic sensitization and non-atopic controls. RESULTS: Most pronounced BR to histamine was observed in allergic asthmatics (n = 28), irrespective of the presence or absence of allergic rhinitis. Furthermore, PC(20)FEV(1) values in non-asthmatic children with allergic rhinitis (n = 24) were not significantly different from those seen in asymptomatic atopic (n = 54) or non-atopic controls (n = 92). CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to adult study populations, 7-year-old non-asthmatic children with allergic rhinitis do not show a higher degree of BR than asymptomatic atopic or non-atopic controls. Therefore, secondary preventive measures in non-asthmatic children with allergic rhinitis (such as regular local anti-inflammatory therapy or specific immunotherapy) should be studied and applied more intensely to prevent bronchial hyper-responsiveness (BHR) and asthma in this high-risk group.     

Outcome analysis of the transglabellar/subcranial approach for lesions of the anterior cranial fossa: A comparison with the classic craniotomy approach

The classic approach to anterior skull base lesions uses bifrontal craniotomies together with lateral rhinotomies. This approach requires frontal lobe retraction and is associated with postoperative anosmia and the development of frontal lobe encephalomalacia. The transglabellar/subcranial approach permits removal of anterior skull base lesions without frontal lobe retraction and avoids facial scars. No studies to date, however, have directly compared the two approaches in terms of patient morbidity. The present retrospective study compares the two approaches when used for the removal of anterior skull base lesions in terms of estimated blood loss, number of transfusions, number of days in the hospital and intensive care unit, and postoperative complications. Twenty patients with anterior skull base lesions were examined. The classic approach was used on 10, and the transglabellar/subcranial route was used on 10. When compared with the classic approach, the transglabellar/subcranial approach resulted in a lower estimated blood loss and subsequent transfusion rate, fewer days in the hospital and intensive care unit, and lower numbers and less severe types of complications. Furthermore, visualization of the tumors before resection with the transglabellar/subcranial approach allowed preservation of olfaction in virtually all of these patients. Although this study represents a small sample population, the results are sufficiently impressive to favor the transglabellar/subcranial approach for the removal of a variety of anterior skull base lesions. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997;116:642-6.)     

离子碘和分子碘过量对甲状腺功能与形态影响

目的　比较离子碘和分子碘过量对非碘缺乏Wistar大鼠甲状腺功能和形态的影响及差别。方法　固相免疫放射分析法测定实验大鼠血清TSH ,放射免疫分析法测定血清TT4 、TT3 。砷铈分光光度法测定尿碘。光、电镜下观察甲状腺内形态学变化 ,用图像分析仪测量滤泡上皮细胞高度和滤泡腔面积。结果　补充 840 μg碘 /L 90d时 ,可使血清TSH值增高 ,但是未见显著性差异。血清TT4 明显高于双蒸馏水 (DDW )组 ,P <0 0 5,但同剂量离子碘和分子碘比较 ,血清TT4 值无显著性差异。补碘组光、电镜下可见滤泡腔面积增大 ,滤泡上皮细胞变扁 ,细胞核染色深 ,滤泡融合破裂 ,巨滤泡形成 ,毛细血管减少。超微结构显示甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞内质网扩张 ,次级溶酶体增多 ,微绒毛减少 ,染色体浓集。与DDW组相比 ,滤泡上皮细胞高度明显降低 ,滤泡腔面积增大 ,P均 <0 0 5。相同剂量离子碘和分子碘比较无显著性差异。结论　碘摄入浓度 >840 μg/L时 ,会对大多部分甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞产生抑制和破坏 ,使血清TT4 值明显增高 ,离子碘和分子碘对甲状腺影响无明显区别     

Properties of circulating IgA molecules in Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis with focus on neutrophil cytoplasmic antigen IgA binding (IgA-ANCA): new insight into a debated issue

Background: The presence and the pathogenetic role of circulating IgA reacting with neutrophil cytoplasmic antigens (IgA-ANCA) in patients with Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) is still debated. This study was aimed to investigate some characteristics of serum IgA and macromolecular IgA in HSP patients, focusing on IgA-ANCA. Methods: Eighty-seven HSP patients with biopsy proved renal involvement (51 adults and 36 children) enrolled in a multicentre study of the Italian Group of Immunopathology were investigated. Results: Significantly high levels of IgA immune complexes were found in both adults (P <0.05) and children (P <0.01), while the binding of IgA to jacalin, was significantly low in children with HSP (P <0.01) only. Two series of ELISA were done for IgA-ANCA, in two different laboratories. Increased binding to PMN crude extracts (P <0.01) without any modification in IgA binding to proteinase 3 was found by either specific ELISA. Conversely, the binding of IgA to myeloperoxidase (MPO) was found to be significantly (P <0.05) increased with positive values in 25% of patients by one assay only. Three of four sera with positive IgA-MPO ANCA exhibited binding in Western-blot studies with the MPO preparation used in ELISA to a 28-kDa species. D-galactose and N-acetyl-glucosamine decreased the binding of serum IgA to MPO more in HSP than in controls (P <0.05). Conclusions: The conflicting reports on IgA-ANCA may reflect some atypical characteristics of the reaction which can be detected only by some ELISAs. We suggest that not an antigen-antibody reaction but a lectinic interaction due to abnormal composition of IgA carbohydrate side chains may account for the IgA-ANCA reaction in patients with HSP nephritis.     

A study of the relationship between the delivery to cord clamping interval and the time of cord separation

A randomised controlled trial of 554 women was carried out to compare the effects of late and early umbilical cord clamping on the time of cord separation. In addition data were collected on maternal and neonatal outcomes. There were no significant differences between the two groups in the duration of cord adherence and neonatal and maternal outcomes. There appeared to be a higher rate of jaundice in the late clamped group which did not reach statistical significance. There was an unexpectedly higher rate of breast feeding at home in the late clamped group which did reach statistical significance. Overall the trial provides no clear evidence for the benefit of early cord clamping (the current policy as part of the active management of the third stage in the UK) on the outcomes considered.     

Risk of lung cancer among patients with head and neck cancer

A cohort of 5180 patients with head and neck cancer, who were part of the tumor registry of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results area of western Washington State, was followed up for as many as 15 years to determine the risk of lung cancer. A sample of 522 patients from this cohort was interviewed to determine smoking history. Lung cancer developed in 356 (6.9%) of the 5180 patients. The overall annual incidence of lung cancer remained relatively constant between approximately 1.0% and 2.0% during the 15 years of follow-up. Men had an increased risk of lung cancer compared with women (relative risk [RR] = 1.56; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.18 to 2.03). Compared with patients with oral cavity cancer (RR = 1.00), the relative risk of lung cancer developing by the site of the index tumor was 0.63 (95% CI = 0.40 to 0.98) for lip, 1.12 (95% CI = 0.81 to 1.56) for intrinsic larynx, 1.73 (95% CI = 1.21 to 2.47) for oropharynx, 1.84 (95% CI = 1.16 to 2.92) for hypopharynx, and 2.28 (95% CI = 1.60 to 3.24) for extrinsic larynx. Among the 522 patients who were interviewed, men smoked more than women ( p < 0.0001), and patients with laryngeal or pharyngeal cancer smoked more than patients with cancer of the lip or the oral cavity ( p < 0.05). Among patients with head and neck cancer, the risk of lung cancer is highest for men and for patients with cancer of the pharynx or extrinsic larynx. These findings may be explained by differences in smoking consumption. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997;116:630-6.)     

我国医院药学的形成与发展

本文通过对医院药学的形成与发展的讨论,旨在确立该学科(也可说领域)的学术技术内容,尽快形成一个完善的学科,以利推进临床药物治疗学的发展,推进医药科学的进步。