A case of primary ureteral carcinoma in the duplicated renal pelvis and ureter diagnosed by transurethral uretero-renoscopy

We present a case of primary ureteral carcinoma in the duplicated renal pelvis and ureter diagnosed by transurethral uretero-renoscopy. The case was of a 78-year-old man with the complaint of sudden asymptomatic macrohematuria. An excretory urogram strongly suggested the presence of duplication of the right collecting system, and cystoscopy revealed a gross hematuria from the right ureteral orifice. A retrograde ureteropyelogram revealed incomplete duplication of the right renal pelvis and ureter fused at about the ureter crossing over the iliac vessels, and a polyp-like filling defect in the lower segment of duplicated ureter at about 4 cm from the fusion of the ureters. Transurethral uretero-renoscopy was employed to investigate the filling defect, and a papillary tumor extended into the lower segment of duplicated ureter was revealed. Tumor was resected by a rigid operating instrument under transurethral uretero-renoscopy. The pathological diagnosis was grade I-transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter, so that right total nephroureterectomy with partial cystectomy was carried out subsequently. Surgical specimen after right total nephroureterectomy with partial cystectomy showed no other tumor in the pelvis or ureter macroscopically, and histopathological studies of surgical specimens were no evidence of malignancy. We believe that transurethral uretero-renoscopy significantly increases the diagnostic accuracy in determining the nature of upper urinary tract lesions, and this procedure is indispensable in the diagnosis of ureteral tumors. The present case was the 7th case of primary ureteral carcinoma in the duplicated renal pelvis and ureter in the Japanese literature.     

Sister chromatid exchange induction by benzo(a)pryene in cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes of lung cancer patients and healthy individuals with or without familial history of neoplasms

The inducibility of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) by benzo(a)pyrene (BP) was studied in cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes of 15 untreated lung cancer patients and 25 healthy persons including 11 high- and 14 low-cancer-risk individuals tentatively classified by the familial history of lung cancer and other neoplasms. The baseline SCE frequency in cultured lymphocytes was significantly high in lung cancer patients, as compared with all healthy persons or low-cancer-risk individuals. Following exposure to BP, the lymphocytes of lung-cancer patients and high-cancer-risk individuals exhibited significantly greater SCE yields than those of persons at low risk, although no significant difference was observed in the lymphocyte SCE yields when the levels of lung cancer patients were compared with those of all healthy persons. A comparison of the net SCE increase (delta SCE) in BP-exposed lymphocytes among the study groups, however, revealed a significant difference in delta SCE values only between high- and low-cancer-risk individuals. The present findings on both the observed SCE yields and delta SCE values suggest that lymphocytes of high-risk individuals may be more susceptible to BP-induced DNA damage than those of persons at low risk, and that such a chromosomal hypersensitivity to genotoxins may be associated with a high risk of neoplasms.     

Cross-sectional study of allergic disorders associated with breastfeeding in Japan: The Ryukyus Child Health Study

Uncertainties remain as to whether breastfeeding is protective against childhood allergic disorders. Positive relationships of breastfeeding with asthma and atopic eczema were observed in two previous Japanese studies. This cross-sectional study investigated the association between the feeding pattern after birth and the prevalence of allergic disorders during the past 12 months in Japanese schoolchildren. Study subjects were 24,077 children aged 6-15 yr in Okinawa. The outcomes were based on diagnostic criteria from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Allowance was made for age, sex, number of siblings, smoking in the household, paternal and maternal history of asthma, atopic eczema, and allergic rhinitis, and paternal and maternal educational level. Breastfeeding, regardless of exclusivity, for 13 months or longer and exclusive breastfeeding for 4-11 months were independently associated with a higher prevalence of atopic eczema, particularly among children without a parental allergic history. A clear positive dose-response relationship was observed between prolonged duration of breastfeeding, regardless of exclusivity, but not exclusive breastfeeding, and the prevalence of atopic eczema. We found a significant positive trend for atopic eczema across the three categories (formula milk, partial and exclusive breastfeeding) in the first 4 months of life although the odds ratio for exclusive breastfeeding was not statistically significant. No material association was found between the feeding pattern after birth and the prevalence of wheeze or allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Prolonged breastfeeding may be associated with a higher prevalence of atopic eczema in Japanese children.     

Initial two-year results of the Oregon Liver Transplantation Program

During the first 24 months of the Oregon Liver Transplantation Program, which began in October 1988, 94 patients were formally evaluated and 47 adults underwent 54 liver transplantations. Thirty-four percent of patients were veterans. The recipient operation lasted a mean of 7.4 hours (range: 4 to 16 hours). Veno-venous bypass was used routinely at first but selectively later (7 of the last 26 cases), resulting in reduced operating time. Hepatic artery reconstruction was end-to-end anastomosis in 52 cases and iliac conduit in 2. No arterial thrombosis occurred. Biliary reconstruction was choledochocholedochostomy in 83% and choledochojejunostomy in 17%. Biliary complications occurred in 28%. Operative mortality was 2%, and 1-year actual survival was 80%. Patients with hepatitis B fared worse, with four of six dying at a mean of 7.6 months. Overall, the median hospital stay was 30 days. Patients surviving more than 3 months had a mean Karnofsky score of 82%. No significant difference in outcome was noted in patients receiving prophylactic OKT3 monoclonal antibody (used in 45%) versus conventional immunosuppressive therapy. Overall, allograft rejection occurred in 55% of patients. Retransplantation was required in seven patients, three for primary graft nonfunction, two for uncontrolled rejection during induction therapy with OKT3, and two for graft failure secondary to recurrent hepatitis B.     

Effect of carbon dioxide and oxygen on endothelin production by cultured porcine cerebral endothelial cells

We have previously reported the production of endothelin, a potent vasoconstrictor peptide, by porcine cerebral microvessel endothelia and suggested its important role in the regulation of local blood flow within the brain. In our present study, radioimmunoassay with anti-porcine endothelin antiserum revealed that endothelin, produced by cerebral microvessel endothelia grown on a filter, is released mainly to the basement membrane side, not the vascular lumen side. This finding suggests that endothelin constricts arterioles locally where it is produced by endothelia. We also found that cerebral microvessel endothelia produce less endothelin under low oxygen pressure and more endothelin under low carbon dioxide pressure. Our results suggest that endothelin has a role in the regulation of cerebral blood flow in response to oxygen and carbon dioxide pressure.     

Abnormalities in cough reflex]

Enzymes degrading peptides may participate in the regulation of the cough reflex. Thus, decreases in enzyme activities may enhance cough reflex and a decrease in cough reflex may lead to aspiration pneumonia. Down- and up-regulation of cough reflex is important for the understanding of cough reflex.     

Chemotherapy-induced anemia in patients with primary lung cancer.

To elucidate the factors which influence the value of hemoglobin, the nadir value of hemoglobin, frequency of blood transfusion and prognostic value of blood transfusion in patients with primary lung cancer during intensive chemotherapy, the hematological features of 124 patients entered into a randomized phase III study containing cisplatin were retrospectively analyzed. There was no difference in the percent nadir hemoglobin value of the first course of chemotherapy (% of pretreatment value) in any of the subgroups with respect to sex, body weight loss, performance status, age, stage, number of metastatic sites or treatment arms. The only predictive indicator for the nadir hemoglobin value in the first course of chemotherapy was the pretreatment value of hemoglobin. The equation for the regression line was y = 1.07 + 0.73x (R2 = 0.663, p < 0.001). The lowest nadir hemoglobin value (% of pretreatment value) during all chemotherapy courses was significantly lower in the subgroups older than 60 years and those with body weight loss. There was an inverse correlation between the accumulated dose of cisplatin and the lowest nadir hemoglobin value (p < 0.05). The frequency of blood transfusion in patients with more than two metastatic sites was significantly higher than in those with one or no metastatic sites (p < 0.05). Survival of patients who had required blood transfusion after chemotherapy was significantly shorter than that of patients who had not (p < 0.05).     

Preliminary evaluation of the processes of changing to a low-fat diet

The purpose of the present paper is to identify the processesof changing dietary fat consumption using Prochaska's transtheoreticalmodel. This model assigns individuals into a series of stages,emphasizing the cognitive, social and behavioral steps of change.At each of the stages an individual focuses on different processes,or coping strategies, to enable movement to the next stage.Dietary process items were created by a multidisciplinary teamusing the smoking processes as a model. These items were subjectedto a Q-sort and piloted in convenience samples. The processitems were distributed with staging questionnaires to 720 membersof an outdoor folk music festival audience. The final groupof 121 process items was subjected to exploratory factor analysisof principle components with varimax rotation. Eight independentfactors emerged during this factor analysis. The processes measuredby the final 60-item questionnaire relate to the stages of changein the hypothesized manner. Applications of this model to interventionsettings seem possible.