Homosexuals' attitudes to male homosexuality— survey

A questionnaire looking at attitudes towards male homosexuality was circulated to 94 members of the Gay Medical Association (GMA) and 510 members of various homophile organisations. The response rates were 56% and 34.7% respectively. Some clear differences emerged between the two groups in looking at stereotypes of male homosexuals. Nearly hlf the respondents in both the groups agreed that male homosexuals in general are promiscuous. The differences are discussed and suggestions made for further research.     

National Occupational Standards for medical illustrators

We live in a changing and complex world, which is about to become even more so as we become more standards-focused and driven by attaining documented quality levels throughout our working lives. Many of the different initiatives affecting our profession at the moment are standards-orientated. Some are being led by the Institute of Medical Illustrators, while others have a wider, national focus and are linked with the Government's Making the Change proposals. This paper attempts to clarify a rather confusing situation and demonstrate how the various initiatives will eventually link together to underpin the structure of medical illustration and healthcare science in the future.     

Impact of severe tricuspid regurgitation on accuracy of systolic pulmonary arterial pressure measured by Doppler echocardiography: Analysis in an unselected patient population

Pulmonary arterial pressure is an important index in cardiovascular disorders, especially for pulmonary hypertension (PH). Doppler echocardiography (DE) is widely used as a noninvasive method to assess pulmonary arterial pressure. However, recent studies have found several hemodynamic factors that affect its accuracy in estimating systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (sPAP). But the effect of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) has not been investigated. Therefore, our study is aimed to determine whether the severity of TR will affect the accuracy of sPAP measured by DE in an unselected patient population. We retrospectively studied 177 patients who underwent DE and right heart catheterization (RHC) examinations. Patients were categorized into 3 groups according to the severity of TR (mild, moderate, and severe). The discrepancy in sPAP measured by DE and RHC was calculated and compared in each group. Determinants of discordant results between two methods were also evaluated. Age, gender, interval between DE and RHC, sequence of DE and RHC were similar among groups (all P>.05). Differences in sPAP, RAP, and tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient (TR‐PG) were similar in group 1 and 2 (all P>.05), while all significantly higher in group 3 (all P<.05). The difference in sPAP between DE and RHC was affected independently by severe TR and severe PH (both P<.05). Severe TR and severe PH affect the accuracy of sPAP measured by DE. Modification of echocardiographic sPAP measurements by taking into consideration of these factors may lead to reduced systemic errors.     

Retrograde access via the popliteal artery to facilitate the re‐entry technique for recalcitrant superficial femoral artery Chronic total occlusions

Subintimal recanalization is beneficial in selected patients with peripheral chronic total occlusions (CTO). However, in complex cases, re‐entry into the true arterial lumen may prove to be unsuccessful with a conventional guidewire or a re‐entry catheter when using standard femoral artery access. Our case series describes these technical dilemmas along with strategies that can be utilized to overcome these challenges. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

A dilemma for doctors

Community physicians have recently, albeit often reluctantly, been involved in preparations for nuclear war. This paper suggests an alternative: that they should use their skills in epidemiology and in preventive and social medicine in the prevention of nuclear war.     

Clinical outcomes after upgrading from pacemakers to cardiac resynchronization therapy

1 Background and aims

Right ventricular pacing may lead to heart failure (HF). Upgrades from pacemakers to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) were excluded from most randomized, controlled trials. We sought to determine the long‐term outcomes of upgrading from pacemakers to CRT with (CRT‐D) or without (CRT‐P) defibrillation in patients with no history of sustained ventricular arrhythmias.

2 Methods and results

In this observational study, clinical events were quantified in relation to the type of implant (de novo or upgrade) and device type at upgrade (CRT‐P or CRT‐D). Patients underwent CRT implantation (n = 1,545; 1,314 [85%] de novo implants and 231 [15%] upgrades) over a median of 4.6 years [interquartile range: 2.4–7.0]. In analyses of crude event rates, upgrades had a higher total mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.10–1.61), a higher total mortality or HF hospitalization (aHR: 1.26; 95% CI 1.05–1.51), but similar mortality or hospitalization for major adverse cardiac events (MACEs, aHR: 1.15; 95% CI 0.96–1.38). No group differences emerged in any of these endpoints after propensity score matching. After inverse probability weighting in upgrades, total mortality (HR: 0.55; 95% CI 0.36–0.73), total mortality or HF hospitalization (HR: 0.56; 95% CI 0.34–0.79), and total mortality or hospitalization for MACEs (HR: 0.61; 95% CI 0.40–0.82) were lower after CRT‐D than after CRT‐P.

3 Conclusion

Upgrading from pacemakers to CRT was associated with a similar long‐term risk of mortality and morbidity to de novo CRT. After upgrade, CRT‐D was associated with a lower mortality than CRT‐P.     

Unintended effects of orphan product designation for rare neurological diseases

Since the introduction of the Orphan Drug Act in 1983, designed to promote development of treatments for rare diseases, at least 378 orphan drugs have been approved. Incentives include financial support, tax credits, and perhaps most importantly, extended market exclusivity. These incentives have encouraged industry interest and accelerated research on rare diseases, allowing patients with orphan diseases access to treatments. However, extended market exclusivity has been associated with unacceptably high drug costs, both for newly developed drugs and for drugs that were previously widely available. We suggest that a paradoxical effect of orphan product exclusivity can be reduced patient access to existing drugs. In addition, the costs of each new drug are arguably unsustainable for patients and for the American health care system. Of all the specialties, neurology has the third highest number of orphan product designations, and neurological diseases account for at least one‐fifth of rare diseases. Citing the use of tetrabenazine for chorea in Huntington disease, adrenocorticotropic hormone for infantile spasms, and enzyme replacement therapy with alglucosidase alpha for Pompe disease, we highlight these paradoxical effects. ANN NEUROL 2012;72:481–490