前交通动脉复合体区的显微解剖学研究

目的 研究前交通动脉复合体（antcrior communicating artery complex，ACoAC）及其毗邻结构的显微解剖特点，为该区域的手术提供显微解剖数据，方法在10例（20侧）成人头颅标本上，分别在不同的视角下对ACoAC及其发出的穿支动脉进行解剖观察；取出整脑后对ACoAC各部分直径、长度进行测量、拍照，所得数据用SPNSS10．0软件进行统计分析，结果10例（20侧半球）共有20支大脑前动脉。双侧ACA—A1段长度和直径比较未见显著性差异．ACA-A1段后下壁发出许多穿支血管。前交通动脉形态变异很多均发出穿支血管，分别供应下丘脑、视交叉、胼胝体膝部等。Hcubner回返动脉是ACoAC发出的最粗大的穿支血管，其起源、行程变异很大。ACoAC发出很多供应视交又及视神经的穿支血管．他们大多来自ACA—A1段。结论 ①双侧ACA-A1段发育多不对称，可能与前交通动脉瘤的发生有关。ACA—A1段均发出重要的穿支血管．手术时应仔细加以分辨、保护．．ACoA形态变异很大，但与ACA-A1段发育不良关东不大，②Heubner回返动脉起源和形态堑异很大。③OC和ON的血液供应有上、下两个起源。     

Microcirculation in the upper trapezius muscle during varying levels of static contraction,fatigue and recovery in healthy women —a study using percutaneous laser-Doppler flowmetry and surface electromyography

Summary Microcirculation in the upper portion of the trapezius muscle was measured percutaneously by continuous laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF) during two 10-min series of alternating 1-min periods of static contraction and rest determined electromyographically (EMG). Stepwise increased contraction was induced by keeping the arms straight and elevated at 30, 60, 90 and 135°, which was repeated with a 1-kg load carried in each hand. Thereafter, fatigue and recovery were recorded while the subject kept her arms straight and elevated at 45° carrying the 1-kg hand load as long as possible, followed by rest with arms hanging and no load. A group of 16 healthy women of different ages was studied. Signal processing was done on line using a 386 SX computer. The LDF- and root-mean-square (rms) EMG signals were normalized. Spectrum analyses of EMG mean power frequency (MPF) and median spectrum frequency were performed. The rms-EMG increased significantly with an increase in the calculated shoulder torque (r=0.75). Accumulated local fatigue was indicated by a decrease in MPF with increased shoulder angle and added load (r = –0.54). Blood flow increased with increased shoulder angle (r=0.82, with hand loadr=0.62) and with increased shoulder torque (r=0.72), and also showed a significant increase with increased EMG activity (r=0.74). The LDF showed a negative correlation to MPF (r= –0.67), with increased values when MPF was lowered. During the endurance test, a moderate increase of LDF occurred which reached its maximum during the 1st min of recovery. Then, a slow return to the base level was recorded. The ability to increase the flow in the microcirculation with increasing muscle load was not diminished with age.     

Trophic effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the early development of the rat parotid gland: A quantitative ultrastructural study

Rats were sympathetically denervated on one side by avulsion of the superior cervical ganglion either immediately after birth (within 4 hr) or when the salivary glands were fully developed. Nine weeks after ganglionectomy the parotid glands were subjected to microscopical studies. As shown by the lack of specific fluorescence, sympathetic denervation caused an almost total depletion of catecholamines in the acini. This was further substantiated at the electron microscopic level using KMnO⁴ as fixative. No alterations in either gland weight or in acinar cell size were noticeable after adult sympathectomy. On the other hand, neonatal denervation caused a decrease in gland weight as well as acinar cell hypotrophy. The mean volume of individual acinar cells was reduced by roughly 25% and the granule volume density by about 50%. Also the mean volume of individual granules was decreased. These findings indicate an important role for the sympathetic nerve system in the maturation of the rat parotid gland.     

Identification of an N-linked glycan in the V1-loop of HIV-1 gp120 influencing neutralization by anti-V3 antibodies and soluble CD4

Summary Glycosylation is necessary for HIV-1 gp120 to attain a functional conformation, and individual N-linked glycans of gp120 are important, but not essential, for replication of HIV-1 in cell culture. We have constructed a mutant HIV-1 infectious clone lacking a signal for N-linked glycosylation in the V1-loop of HIV-1 gp120. Lack of an N-linked glycan was verified by a mobility enhancement of mutant gp120 in SDS-gel electrophoresis. The mutated virus showed no differences in either gp120 content per infectious unit or infectivity, indicating that the N-linked glycan was neither essential nor affecting viral infectivity in cell culture. We found that the mutated virus lacking an N-linked glycan in the V1-loop of gp120 was more resistant to neutralization by monoclonal antibodies to the V3-loop and neutralization by soluble recombinant CD4 (sCD4). Both viruses were equally well neutralized by ConA and a conformation dependent human antibody IAM-2G12. This suggests that the N-linked glycan in the V1-loop modulates the three-dimensional conformation of gp120, without changing the overall functional integrity of the molecule.     

Comparison of flagellum and sonicate antigens for serological diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis

A sonicate antigen and two concentrations of a purified flagellum antigen ofBorrelia burgdorferi were compared for serological diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis by an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Generally, the higher concentration of flagellum antigen was found to be superior to the lower concentration, which was diluted eight times compared to the higher concentration. The diagnostic sensitivity for IgG antibody detection increased from 13 % in the sonicate EIA to 31 % in the best flagellum EIA assay (p=0.01) in sera from patients with erythema migrans (n=70), and from 34 % to 55 % (p=0.01) in sera from patients with neuroborreliosis (n=77). However, the sensitivity for IgG in sera from patients with acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (n=20) was high in both assays: 90 % in the sonicate EIA compared to 95 % in the flagellum EIA. Regarding IgM, there was no significant difference between the sensitivity of the assays in sera from any of the patient groups. The sensitivity values for IgM and IgG in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with neuroborreliosis were also without significant differences. Sera and CSF from patients with meningitis/encephalitis of non-Borrelia etiology (n=35), multiple sclerosis (n=9) or syphilis (n=24), served as controls. The flagellum EIA showed a significantly improved specificity for IgG in CSF from controls with syphilis (p<0.01). It is concluded that purifiedBorrelia burgdorferi flagellum antigen is superior to a sonicate antigen, especially for serodiagnosis of the early stages of Lyme borreliosis.     

Characterization of anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody activity in patients with anti-mitochondrial antibodies

Antibodies binding to the acetylcholine receptor of human skeletal muscle were found in patients with different kinds of anti-mitochondrial antibodies. In patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), the antibody activity was found in monomeric and pentameric IgM as well as in IgG, whereas patients with other kinds of anti-mitochondrial antibodies had anti-receptor antibodies of predominantly IgG class. Mice transfused with immunoglobulins from patients with PBC showed a reduction of skeletal muscle receptors comparable to that found in mice who had received immunoglobulins from myasthenia gravis (MG) patients. The antibody affinity was of the same order of magnitude in MG and PBC but antibodies with multiple affinities were more common in PBC. In PBC, the anti-receptor antibody associated idiotype repertoire was markedly different from that found in MG.     

Monocyte and iscom enhancement of cell-mediated response to cytomegalovirus

Cell-mediated and humoral responses to cytomegalovirus were studied in a monkey model. Repeated low doses of virus antigen gave poor reactivities in both respects. High antigen doses gave a good humoral IgG response. When autologous monocytes were incubated with the CMV antigen as the immunizing injection, the specific cellular response to CMV antigen increased. The monocytes themselves did not contribute to the in vitro specific proliferation response. When iscoms were the carrier particles for CMV antigens, cellular response was even more strongly enhanced. In immunization schedules where specific cellular responses are important, we suggest that autologous monocytes or iscoms may be employed as antigen carriers.     

Frequency of stages of the seminiferous cycle in the thick-tailed bush baby (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Otolemur garnetti</Emphasis>), a prosimian primate: possible phylogenetic implications?

Spermatogenesis in the thick-tailed bush baby, Otolemur garnetti, was studied using light microscopy. The stages and stage frequencies of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium were determined using semithin sections stained with methylene blue-azure II. These sections were obtained from the testes of six healthy adult males (n=6). They revealed 11 stages of the seminiferous epithelial cycle in this species. The mean relative frequencies of the stages I–XI were 10.9, 6.0, 5.9, 7.3, 13.2, 10.7, 11.7, 9.2, 7.6, 8.9 and 8.6, respectively. Comparisons were made between the frequency data in the thick-tailed bush baby and equivalent data in the rat, hamster, macaque, baboon, chimpanzee and man. There was a significant correlation (P<0.05) between the Otolemur data and equivalent stage frequency data of two rodent species (rat and hamster) and monkey (Macaca arctoides). However, there was no significant correlation between the present data and those of the baboon, chimpanzee and man. Possible phylogenetic implications of these findings are discussed.