In vitro effects of fungi isolated from equine hooves on primary human keratinocytes.

The effects of two dermatophytes (Microsporum gypseum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes) and four moulds (Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Alternaria alternata, Geotrichum candidum and Penicillium spp.) on living keratinocyte cultures were examined in vitro using primary human keratinocytes. Rates of apoptosis of infected cells were determined using a colorimetric TUNEL system which detects the characteristic nuclear DNA fragmentation of apoptotic cells. The cytotoxicity of the individual fungi was tested by quantitatively measuring cytosolic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase, released upon cell lysis, in culture supernatants. Additionally, the cell structures within the infected keratinocytes in cultures were examined by scanning electron microscopy. All of the fungi exhibited high cytotoxicity, whereas the development of only the two dermatophytes and the mould Scopulariopsis brevicaulis resulted in distinctly increased apoptosis. Electron microscopy showed that all fungi studied caused similar alterations in the cell structure, with Microsporum gypseum being the most harmful. Increasing loss of cell adhesion as a consequence of a decreasing number of reticulating cell appendices and a reduced cell plasticity were the most evident alterations.     

The influence of surface roughness of titanium on beta1- and beta3-integrin adhesion and the organization of fibronectin in human osteoblastic cells

Mechanisms of cell adhesion and extracellular matrix formation are primary processes in the interaction with the material surface of an implant which are controlled by integrin receptors. The aim of our study was to find out whether beta1- and beta3-integrins of osteoblastic cells sense the surface topography of titanium, and if structural alterations of integrin adhesions were involved in the organization of fibronectin. Pure titanium surfaces were modified by polishing (P), machining (NT), blasting with glass spheres (GB), and blasting with corundum particles (CB) resulting in increasing roughness. Confocal microscopic investigations revealed fibrillar adhesions of beta1- and alpha5-integrins on P, NT, and GB, but on CB with its sharp edges these integrin subunits did not form fibrillar adhesions. beta3 generally appeared in focal adhesions. We observed aligned fibrillar structures of fibronectin on NT not only on the basal site but interestingly, also on the apical cell surface. In contrast, on CB, fibronectin appeared apically clustered. We suggest that this alignment of fibronectin fibrils depends on the directed actin cytoskeleton and in particular, on the capability of the beta1-integrins to form fibrillar adhesions, which is affected by the surface roughness of titanium.     

New copolymethacrylates with azo-chromophores in the side chain

The synthesis and characterization of new poly({6-[4-(4-cyanophenylcarbamoyl)phenoxy]hexyl methacrylate}-co-{6-[4-(4- cyanophenylazo)phenoxy]hexyl methacrylate}) are reported. Their liquid-crystalline properties are investigated using differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. The glass transition temperatures and the clearing points can be influenced by variation of the copolymer composition. The substances offer a relatively broad temperature range of mesomorphic properties suitable for photochemical studies.     

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 activates normal human granulocytes, protects them from apoptosis, and blocks their transmigration during inflammation

Urinary levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) higher than those of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) during acute pyelonephritis have previously been associated with a higher degree of acute inflammation and of postinfective renal scarring. The aim of the present study was to evaluate possible mechanisms by which TIMP-1 could affect the scarring process already during the acute phase of inflammation. The growth of Escherichia coli, bactericidal activity of fresh human blood, and respiratory burst, spontaneous apoptosis, and trans-basement membrane migration of normal human granulocytes were studied in vitro in the presence of different concentrations of recombinant human TIMP-1. To imitate the "normal" environment during inflammation in the kidney, granulocytes were also incubated with a conditioned medium from E. coli-stimulated renal epithelial cells. In order to compare our data with the in vivo situation, blood and urinary leukocyte levels were analyzed for 40 children with acute pyelonephritis, together with urinary MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels. TIMP-1 at a concentration of 500 ng/ml increased the bactericidal activity of blood, increased the respiratory burst of granulocytes, decreased phosphatidylserine exposure and caspase 3 activity, which are features of spontaneous apoptosis, and inhibited granulocyte transmigration. Moreover, in the patients with pyelonephritis, MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratios in urine correlated with the degree of leukocyte transmigration. Thus, our data suggest that TIMP-1 specifically blocks the transmigration of granulocytes into urine. Entrapped and activated granulocytes, protected from apoptosis, might excessively destroy renal parenchyma and thus contribute to the pathogenesis of renal scarring following acute pyelonephritis.     

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 deficiency impairs host defense mechanisms against Streptococcus pneumoniae in a mouse model of bacterial meningitis

Recent reports of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection of astrocytes suggest a role for astrocytes in HIV encephalitis. In this study, we infected a human astrocytoma cell line with a pathogenic simian HIV (SHIV_50OLNV) and examined growth patterns and immunomodulatory genes. Approximately 1% of uninfected cells in culture expressed glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) whereas 40% of the cells expressed GFAP at 7 days post-inoculation along altered growth patterns. Using targeted cytokine cDNA arrays, we found that SHIV_50OLNV infection resulted in the up-regulation of several genes including metalloproteinase bone morphogenic protein 1 and chemokines monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and stromal cell derived factor 1. These data suggest that astrocytic activation, altered morphology and up-regulation of immunomodulatory genes in response to SHIV infection may participate in initiation of inflammation and trafficking of infected monocytes/macrophages into the central nervous system, potentiating the development of HIV encephalitis.     

Human recombinant neutralizing antibodies against hantaan virus G2 protein

Old world hantaviruses, causing hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), still present a public health problem in Asia and Eastern Europe. The majority of cases has been recorded in China. The aim of our study was to generate human recombinant neutralizing antibodies to a hantavirus by phage display technology. To preserve the structural identity of viral protein, the panning procedure was performed on native Hantaan (HTN) (76-118) virus propagated in Vero-E6 cells. In total, five complete human recombinant IgG antibodies were produced in a baculovirus expression system. All of them were able to completely neutralize HTN, and Seoul (SEO) virus in a plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). Three of these antibodies could also completely neutralize Dobrava (DOB) virus but not Puumala (PUU) virus. All antibodies bind to Hantaan virus G2 protein localized in the virus envelope. The sequence areas within the HTN (76-118)-G2 protein detected by five selected antibodies were mapped using peptide scans. Two partial epitopes, 916-KVMATIDSF-924 and 954-LVTKDIDFD-963, were recognized, which presumably are of paramount importance for docking of the virus to host cell receptors. A consensus motif 916-KVXATIXSF-924 could be identified by mutational analysis. The neutralizing antibodies to the most widely distributed hantaviruses causing HFRS might be promising candidates for the development of an agent for prevention and treatment of HFRS in patients.     

Correlation of viscoelastic properties with the molar mass distribution for aqueous polyacrylamide solutions

The dependence of viscous and elastic rheological functions on molar mass and molar mass distribution was investigated under shear flow conditions using concentrated solutions of polyacrylamides and polyacrylamide mixtures. The zero-shear viscosity η₀ correlates with the weight-average molar mass M?_w; with increasing shear rate the corresponding controlling molar mass average tends to change to the number-average molar mass M?_n. It is shown that the analysis of the shape of the whole flow curve is a simple way to obtain qualitative information about molar mass distribution. Elastic forces are influenced mainly by the high-molar-mass tail of a molar mass distribution. The zero normal stress coefficient ψ₀ depends on a molar mass average between M?_w and z-average molar mass M?_z·ψ₀ increases with the 7,4th power of the molar mass for the polyacrylamides (not for the mixtures). The steady-state compliance J_e⁽⁰⁾ is, for the investigated system, independent of the absolute molar mass, but increases with the 5,5th power of the ratio M?_z/M?_w. The elasticity modulus G₀^(A) can be correlated with M?_n of the polyacrylamide samples and their mixtures. These investigations show that the analysis of various rheological functions can lead to a wealth of information about the molar mass distribution of a polymer.     

Decreased virulence of a pneumolysin-deficient strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae in murine meningitis

Pneumolysin, neuraminidases A and B, and hyaluronidase are virulence factors of Streptococcus pneumoniae that appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of meningitis. In a murine model of meningitis after intracerebral infection using mutants of S. pneumoniae D39, only mice infected with a pneumolysin-deficient strain were healthier at 32 and 36 h, had lower bacterial titers in blood at 36 h, and survived longer than the D39 parent strain. Cerebellar and spleen bacterial titers, meningeal inflammation, and neuronal damage scores remained uninfluenced by the lack of any of the virulence factors.     

Familie mit multipler endokriner Adenomatose (MEA TypI) und einigen zusätzlichen Besonderheiten

Zusammenfassung 3 Generationen mit 37 Mitgliedern einer Familie mit multipler endokriner Adenomatose Typ I (MEA Typ I) wurden anamnestisch und katamnestisch erfaßt. Klinische, biochemische und histologische Befunde wurden zusammengestellt: 20 Personen hatten Erkrankungen oder Befunde, die für eine MEA Typ I charakteristisch sind.Ein Patient (II 1) hatte ein chromophobes Hypophysenadenom, Epithelkörperchen- und Inselzelladenome, eine knotige Kolloidstruma und eine bilaterale knotige Nebennierenrindenhyperplasie. Dies ist das voll ausgeprägte Bild einer MEA Typ I (Wermer-Syndrom). Außerdem hatte er ein medulläres Schilddrüsencarcinom.Bei 14 Familienangehörigen ergaben sich Hinweise auf primären Hyperparathyreoidismus (pHPT), darunter waren 5 Patienten mit Nierensteinen. Die bei 3 Personen exstirpierten Epithelkörperchen erlaubten eine histologische Bestätigung der Diagnose pHPT. Die nach Möglichkeit mehrmals durchgeführte Bestimmung des Calcium- und Phosphatspiegels im Serum spielte eine Hauptrolle bei der Entdeckung von asymptomatischen Trägern des Gens.6 Patienten hatten Magen-Darmulcera: darunter waren 5 Patienten mit sicherem oder wahrscheinlichem pHPT, von denen aber nur einer (II 1) ein Gastrinom und eine Inselzelladenomatose hatte. Drei Patienten hatten eine Pankreatitis, bei zwei von ihnen nachweislich kombiniert mit pHPT. — Zweimal fand sich eine euthyreote Struma, einmal eine hyperthyreote Struma. Zwei Familienangehörige hatten erhöhte Plasmacortisolwerte; Lipome im Unterhautfettgewebe hatten ebenfalls zwei Patienten. Der Befund eines Alpha-1-Antitrypsinmangels (ZZ Phänotyp) bei zumindest 2 Patienten mit pHPT läßt an eine genetisch bedingte Verknüpfung des Defektallels Z mit der MEA Typ I denken. Weitere Familienuntersuchungen sind für eine Beweisführung notwendig.Ein Polyp im Jejunum mit heterotoper Magenschleimhaut (Fundus- und Pylorusdrüsen) ausgekleidet und blutend wurde bei diesem Syndrome noch nicht beschrieben. Der Befund wird von uns als Entwicklungsstörung des Entoderm aufgefaßt. Das bei einem Patienten (II 1) gefundene medulläre Schilddrüsencarcinom zeigt, daß die Trennlinie zwischen MEA Typ I und MEA Typ II nicht immer scharf gezogen ist.