Can a pragmatic responsive feeding scale be developed and applied globally?

Responsive feeding (RF) has been recognized as necessary to prevent all forms of malnutrition including stunting and childhood obesity. Specific RF guidelines have been developed, but it is unclear how RF behaviours can be monitored systematically. Therefore, developing valid and reliable abbreviated and pragmatic RF scales is an important global priority. This is challenging, as RF is a construct with multiple dimensions including recognizing and responding to hunger and satiety cues, providing a nurturing environment during feeding episodes, and understanding how feeding needs evolve as a function of the developmental stage of the young child. Further, RF is embedded within the responsive parenting framework that in addition to RF includes sleep, soothing and play routines and the interconnections between them. A recent pioneer study conducted in a rural area of Cambodia validated an 8‐item RF scale through direct feeding observations of 6‐ to 23‐month‐old infants at home, as part of two cross‐sectional surveys conducted before and after a complementary feeding intervention. It is important for similar research to be conducted elsewhere to find out if it is possible or not to develop a core RF scale that is valid and reliable and that has adequate specificity and sensitivity for application in community studies and population surveys globally. As highlighted in this article, different definitions of RF have been used in the field; thus, it is important to reach consensus on a single definition to help move this research area forward.     

小儿腹股沟斜疝日间手术与专科住院手术的卫生经济学评价

目的对小儿日间手术模式和专科住院手术模式的卫生经济学进行评价,为小儿腹股沟斜疝手术的优选和决策提供参照依据。方法收集2016年6月至2017年7月间所有在重庆医科大学附属儿童医院治疗且符合纳入标准的单侧腹股沟斜疝患儿的临床资料,其中日间手术患儿324例(日间组),专科住院手术患儿65例(专科组)。比较两种手术模式下的患儿一般资料、治疗指标、容错情况、术后需要留院处理的并发症发生率、复发率、院内的感染等卫生效果指标;比较两种模式的HCAHPS优化星表满意度、住院时间、住院费用等卫生经济学指标。统计分析两种模式的成本-效果:治疗效果权重W、治疗效果指数(EI)、成本-效果比(CER)。结果日间外科组和专科组在性别、区域方面的差异无统计学意义,专科组年龄分布更广。日间组与专科组占用床位时间分别为(23.17±0.49)h和(112.06±19.75)h,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01);两组的医疗费用分别为(3372±430)元和(6063±2104)元,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。两组麻醉分级ASA比例的差异具有统计学意义,两组术后并发症发生率的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。日间组与专科组治疗EI分别为0.98和1.02,CER分别为3305和6184,日间组经济学效益较大。结论日间手术的成本-效果优于专科住院手术模式,患儿满意度和术后复发率与专科住院模式的差异无统计学意义,推荐符合日间手术指征的患儿采用该模式。     

Porocarcinoma coexisting at a site of Bowen disease in a 63‐year‐old woman

Porocarcinoma is an unusual, locally aggressive and potentially fatal neoplasm. Several cutaneous malignancies have been described in association with porocarcinoma, including squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma and tricholemmal carcinoma. Previous reports have indicated that the occurrence of malignant tumours in combination with porocarcinoma is extremely rare, in particular with regard to Bowen disease (BD). We report an uncommon case of porocarcinoma occurring synchronously in a single BD lesion in a 63‐year‐old woman with multiple BD lesions. The clinical and histological findings confirmed this diagnosis.     

TGFβ promotes YAP‐dependent AXL induction in mesenchymal‐type lung cancer cells

The acquisition of chemoresistance remains a major cause of cancer mortality due to the limited accessibility of targeted or immune therapies. However, given that severe alterations of molecular features during epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) lead to acquired chemoresistance, emerging studies have focused on identifying targetable drivers associated with acquired chemoresistance. Particularly, AXL, a key receptor tyrosine kinase that confers resistance against targets and chemotherapeutics, is highly expressed in mesenchymal cancer cells. However, the underlying mechanism of AXL induction in mesenchymal cancer cells is poorly understood. Our study revealed that the YAP signature, which was highly enriched in mesenchymal‐type lung cancer, was closely correlated to AXL expression in 181 lung cancer cell lines. Moreover, using isogenic lung cancer cell pairs, we also found that doxorubicin treatment induced YAP nuclear translocation in mesenchymal‐type lung cancer cells to induce AXL expression. Additionally, the concurrent activation of TGFβ signaling coordinated YAP‐dependent AXL expression through SMAD4. These data suggest that crosstalk between YAP and the TGFβ/SMAD axis upon treatment with chemotherapeutics might be a promising target to improve chemosensitivity in mesenchymal‐type lung cancer.

Abbreviations

AUC

area under the curve

AXL

AXL receptor tyrosine kinase

BCL2

B‐cell lymphoma 2

CTD2

cancer target discovery and development

CTGF

connective tissue growth factor

DEG

differentially expressed genes

DOXO

doxorubicin

EMT

epithelial–mesenchymal transition

Eto

etoposide

FDA

Food and Drug Administration

ITGB3

integrin beta‐3

MAPK

mitogen‐activated protein kinase

MMP2

matrix metalloproteinase‐2

MMP9

matrix metalloproteinase‐9

mRNA

messenger RNA

NF‐κB

nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells

SBE

SMAD binding element

SERPINE1

serpin family E member 1

siRNA

small interfering RNA

ssGSEA

single‐sample gene set enrichment analysis

TCGA

The Cancer Genome Atlas

TGFβ

transforming growth factor beta

YAP

Yes‐associated protein

YAP8SA

mutants of inhibitory phosphorylation site at eight serine to Alanine of YAP

ZEB1

zinc finger E‐box binding homeobox 1

ZEB2

zinc finger E‐box‐binding homeobox 2