Strukturiertes klinisches Risikomanagement in einer Akutklinik

Background

A hospital is a dangerous place for patients. Multiple studies have demonstrated that errors are a significant problem in hospitals. At the same time it has been shown that a structured healthcare risk management offers numerous tools for risk reduction or risk prevention. The relevance of data due to errors in hospitals is unambiguous, therefore it is necessary to focus on this issue.

Objective

This article describes the basic principles and the implementation of a structured healthcare risk management. The process and tools of healthcare risk management are presented and explained.

Methods

A review of the literature on healthcare risk management was conducted and the currently used and established tools of healthcare risk management are presented.

Results

In the process of healthcare risk management several effective tools for the reduction and prevention of errors are available. These tools must be established in a structured risk management process.

Conclusion

A structured healthcare risk management in a hospital is no longer a ??nice to have?? but an absolutely ??must?? for the professional care of emergency patients.     

Staurosporine-induced differentiation of the RGC-5 cell line leads to apoptosis and cell death at the lowest differentiating concentration

Background

Supplementation of staurosporine is the method of choice for differentiating the solely existing retinal ganglion cell (RGC)-5 cell line. This differentiation was initially claimed to be in the absence of apoptosis, but some publications supposed the induction of apoptosis during staurosporine induced RGC-5 differentiation. In respect to these inconsistencies in the literature, we investigated in detail whether RGC-5 cell differentiation by staurosporine induces apoptosis or not.

Methods

Amounts of 50?nM, 200?nM, 300?nM, and 600?nM of staurosporine were supplemented on RGC-5 cells for 24 h. Cell morphology and cell death, via propidium iodide staining, were evaluated with phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy, respectively. Cell amount, cell proliferation, and cell viability were analyzed by crystal violet staining, CFSE flow cytometry, and MTS assay, respectively. Apoptosis was determined by analyzing caspase 3/7 activity, Annexin-V+/ 7AAD- cells and the quotient of Bax to Bcl-2 mRNA expression via caspase 3/7 activity assay, flow cytometry, and real-time PCR, respectively.

Results

RGC-5 cells started to change their morphology and their expression of neuronal markers at 50?nM of staurosporine. This was associated with apoptosis and cell death, as indicated by a 2.1-fold (p?<?0.0005) increase in caspase 3/7 activity, a 1.2–fold (p?<?0.05) induction of Annexin-V+/ 7AAD- cells, and a 12–fold (p?<?0.0005) increase in propidium iodide positive cells, respectively. Furthermore, staurosporine led to a dose-dependent increase in apoptosis and reduction in cell viability, cell density, and cell proliferation.

Conclusions

The lowest staurosporine concentration inducing RGC-5 cell differentiation is accompanied by apoptosis and cell death.     

骨髓间充质干细胞在医学领域中的研究与应用

目的:骨髓间充质干细胞主要存在于全身结缔组织和器官间质中,自我更新和增殖能力强,在适宜的微环境里具有多向分化潜能。文章就骨髓间充质干细胞的生物学特性及其在医学领域应用的最新进展做一综述。资料来源:应用计算机检索PUBMED2000-01/2006-12期间的相关文章,检索词为“mesenchymal stem cell”,并限定文章语言种类为English。同时计算机检索中国期刊全文数据库2000-01/2006-12期间的相关文章,检索词为“骨髓间充质干细胞”,并限定文章语言种类为中文。资料选择:对资料进行初审,并查看每篇文献后的引文。纳入标准:文章所述内容应与骨髓间充质干细胞的发展现状及其临床应用相关。排除标准:重复研究或较陈旧的文献。资料提炼:共收集到160篇相关文献,68文献符合纳入标准,排除的92篇文献为内容陈旧或重复。选取符合纳入标准的30篇文献进行分析,分别涉及骨髓间充质干细胞的分离培养和鉴定、在医学领域中的应用、当前存在的问题及展望。资料综合:骨髓间充质干细胞是一类具有分裂增殖和多向分化潜能的干细胞,在适宜的诱导条件下可定向分化为成骨细胞、成软骨细胞、脂肪细胞、腱细胞、肌肉细胞和神经细胞等,且已在退行性及缺损性疾病、心血管疾病、肝移植、肺纤维化等疾病治疗方面取得良好效果。目前骨髓间充质干细胞在体内的细胞生物学和分子生物学作用机制仍不清楚,如何限定体内外诱导条件使其向所需细胞或组织定向分化以及移植时机、是否具有致瘤性等问题尚需深入研究。结论:骨髓间充质干细胞具有易获得、易培养、低免疫原性、易于外源基因的转入和表达等特性,已成为具有细胞治疗和基因治疗临床疾病潜在实用价值的有效载体。     

The c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway is critical for cell transformation by the latent membrane protein 1 of Epstein-Barr virus

The latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transforms cells activating signal transduction pathways such as NF-kappaB, PI3-kinase, or c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Here, we investigated the functional role of the LMP1-induced JNK pathway in cell transformation. Expression of a novel dominant-negative JNK1 allele caused a block of proliferation in LMP1-transformed Rat1 fibroblasts. The JNK-specific inhibitor SP600125 reproduced this effect in Rat1-LMP1 cells and efficiently interfered with proliferation of EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cells (LCLs). Inhibition of the LMP1-induced JNK pathway in LCLs caused the downregulation of c-Jun and Cdc2, the essential G2/M cell cycle kinase, which was accompanied by a cell cycle arrest of LCLs at G2/M phase transition. Moreover, SP600125 retarded tumor growth of LCLs in a xenograft model in SCID mice. Our data support a critical role of the LMP1-induced JNK pathway for proliferation of LMP1-transformed cells and characterize JNK as a potential target for intervention against EBV-induced malignancies.     

Cure of Helicobacter pylori infection and healing of duodenal ulcer: comparison of pantoprazole-based one-week modified triple therapy versus two-week dual therapy

Objective: Eradication of Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori ) is recommended as the first-line therapeutic concept for reliable long-term prevention of duodenal ulcer (DU) relapse. Current treatment regimens vary in efficacy, complexity, and compliance. To assess the efficacy of pantoprazole in H. pylori eradication in parallel groups of patients using two eradication regimens.
Methods: Patients, (18–85 yr old; intention-to-treat,  n = 286  ) with proven DU, positive rapid urease test (biopsy), and ¹³C-urea breath test (UBT) were included in a prospective, randomized, multicenter study. Modified triple therapy consisted of 40 mg pantoprazole b.i.d ., 500 mg clarithromycin t.i.d ., and 500 mg metronidazole t.i.d . for 7 days (PCM therapy); dual therapy consisted of 40 mg pantoprazole b.i.d . and 500 mg clarithromycin t.i.d . for 14 days (PC therapy). In both groups 40 mg pantoprazole o.d . was given until day 28 when healing of DU was evaluated endoscopically; H. pylori status was assessed by UBT on day 56.
Results: H. pylori eradication rate was 95% in PCM versus 60% in PC therapy groups (per-protocol population,   p < 0.001  ), and 82% in PCM versus 50% in PC therapy in the intention-to-treat patient population (   p < 0.001  ). The DU healing rate was 98% in the PCM and 95% in the PC therapy groups (per-protocol population). Both regimens were similarly well tolerated. Adverse events in both regimens included taste disturbance, diarrhea, and increased serum concentration of liver enzymes, at an incidence of < 10%.
Conclusions: Compared to 2-wk PC therapy (pantoprazole and clarithromycin), the 1-wk PCM therapy (pantoprazole, clarithromycin, and metronidazole) is a significantly superior and highly promising strategy for eradication of H. pylori .