Placebo responses in the treatment of urge incontinence

The treatment options of patients with urge incontinence are behavioral therapy, drug therapy and surgery. The evaluation and reported efficacy of these treatments, with particular reference to the potential placebo response in treatment is discussed.     

颈丛阻滞、硬膜外阻滞下甲状腺手术应激反应的比较

目的 :比较颈丛阻滞、硬膜外阻滞下甲状腺手术应激反应的大小。方法 :选择ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级 ,女性 ,甲状腺手术患者 30例 ,年龄 2 2～ 5 5岁 ,术前无呼吸、循环和内分泌疾病 ,随机分为颈丛阻滞组 (颈丛组 ) 15例 ,硬膜外阻滞组(硬膜外组 ) 15例 ;颈丛阻滞选用 0 .8%利多卡因和 0 .2 5 %布比卡因混合液 ,以C4一点法行双侧深浅丛阻滞 ;硬膜外阻滞选用 1.3%利多卡因和 0 .15 %丁卡因混合液 ,穿刺点选择C4～ 5或C5～ 6间隙 ,采用侧卧位直入法 ,并向头置管 3cm ;分别测定并记录麻醉前、麻醉后 2 0min、切皮、分上极、切腺体和术毕共六个时点的血糖、血压和心率的变化。结果 :两组病例各时点血糖均逐步上升 ,于分上极、切腺体和术毕血糖值与麻醉前比较有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1) ;硬膜外组只在分上极时SBP与麻醉前比较有差异外 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而颈丛组在分上极、切腺体时DBP与麻醉前比较有差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,SBP、MAP与麻醉前比较有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :本研究表明颈丛阻滞、硬膜外阻滞均不能完全抑制甲状腺手术的应激反应 ,在稳定甲状腺手术循环功能方面硬膜外阻滞优于颈丛阻滞     

Junctional epidermolysis bullosa keratinocytes in culture display adhesive, structural, and functional abnormalities.

An unusual, elongated, refractile cell morphology was observed in keratinocytes cultured from three patients with non-lethalis forms of junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB). To determine whether these changes might be related to altered cell adhesion, keratinocyte strains established from one patient were examined for adhesive, structural, and functional characteristics. JEB keratinocytes expressed keratin tonofilaments, as determined by staining with AE1 monoclonal antibodies and direct observation of tonofilaments by electron microscopy. JEB keratinocytes showed diminished cell-substratum adhesions, judged by interference reflection microscopy. Areas of diminished cell-substratum adhesion corresponded to F-actin-rich cell adhesions (focal adhesions) and not to cellular areas that abundantly express hemidesmosomal antigens. Analysis of cell-substratum adhesion by electron microscopy revealed extensive areas of cell-substratum separation in JEB keratinocytes that were not present in normal keratinocytes maintained in serum-free medium. Normal keratinocytes displayed numerous regions of focal contact between the ventral plasma membrane and the culture substratum, but these structures were not seen in JEB keratinocytes. Bundled actin filaments (stress fibers) were greatly diminished in expected regions of cell-substratum adhesion in JEB keratinocytes and, instead, displayed disorganized individual filaments. The growth rate of JEB keratinocytes was quite slow in culture, with a population doubling time of 2.7 d versus 1.5 d for normal keratinocytes under identical conditions. JEB keratinocytes also displayed a reduced ability to aggregate into colonies upon exposure to medium with increased extracellular calcium. JEB keratinocytes thus display adhesive, structural, and functional abnormalities that suggest this cell type may be central to the pathogenesis of junctional epidermolysis bullosa. Study of affected keratinocytes could be important to characterize associated molecular pathologies.     

关节镜下胭绳肌腱部分重建、单束重建和双束重建前交叉韧带的疗效比较

目的 研究使用腘绳肌腱进行关节镜下前交叉韧带（ACL）损伤后部分重建、单束重建和双束重建的疗效差异。方法 本研究共包括56例ACL重建病例，其中部分重建11例，单束重建25例，双束重建20例。所有患者术前及随访时均进行IKDC2000、Tegner和Lysholm评分以及常规KT-2000和后推KT-2000测量，并对结果进行统计学分析。结果 平均随访19．84±5．03个月（13～22个月）。对三组的IKDC、Lysholm和Tegner评分的配对t检验显示，术后的IKDC、Lysholm和Tegner评分比术前均有显著改善。后推法KT-2000测量显示，ACL双束重建可以比单束重建获得更好的膝关节稳定性，ACL部分重建组膝关节的稳定性优于单束重建和双束重建组。但常规KT-2000测量无法辨别三种术式之间膝关节稳定性的差异。结论 ACL双束重建可以比单束重建更好地重建膝关节的稳定性，ACL部分重建的临床效果优于单束重建和双束重建；后推KT-2000测量在ACL双束重建和部分重建的术后稳定性评估上可能具有重要的应用价值。