Pneumothorax after left pneumonectomy: implantation of an intrapleural prosthesis

Postpneumonectomy syndrome is defined as an airway obstruction due to mediastinal shift and rotation after pneumonectomy. A patient who had undergone a left pneumonectomy for bronchial carcinoma 13 years before presented with tension pneumothorax of her remaining lung. Although all factors relevant to the development of postpneumonectomy syndrome were ascertained, the patient had a pneumothorax rather than an airway obstruction. This pneumothorax was treated surgically. The goal of this operation was to reduce the right pleural cavity volume by implanting an intrapleural prosthesis in the pneumonectomy cavity. This treatment is identical to that used for postpneumonectomy syndrome, which allows the right lung to be rejoined with the thoracic wall.     

Neonatal brachial plexus palsy. Outcome of absent biceps function at three months of age

BACKGROUND: An important prognostic factor in neonatal brachial plexus palsy is the time interval to biceps muscle recovery. Although the natural history is not clear, biceps muscle recovery after more than three months of age has been used to predict poor long-term shoulder function. The absence of biceps muscle function at three months of age has been adopted as an indication for early brachial plexus microsurgery, in an attempt to improve recovery. To provide a benchmark for outcome comparison, the long-term outcome of patients with absent biceps muscle function at three months of age was studied. METHODS: Between 1980 and 1992, 170 patients with neonatal brachial plexus palsy were entered into a prospective study in which details of the birth and serial clinical examinations were recorded. Patients were grouped according to the level of injury and the time interval to biceps muscle recovery. Twenty-nine patients were observed to have absent biceps muscle function at three months of age. Twenty-eight of those patients were available for long-term followup at a mean age of eleven years and one month. At the time of follow-up, patients answered a questionnaire and underwent manual muscle strength testing, sensory evaluation, and grading of their shoulder function according to Gilbert's modification of the Mallet score, in which the function was graded as II, III, or IV with class I (no function) and V (normal) eliminated. The level of injury and the time that biceps muscle function returned were compared with the final outcomes. RESULTS: The level of injury was C5-C6 in thirteen (46%) of our twenty-eight patients with absent biceps muscle function at three months of age, C5-C7 in five (18%), and pan-plexus (C5-T1) in ten (36%). Biceps contraction was observed by six months of age in twenty patients (71%), including all thirteen patients with a C5-C6 level of injury. Twenty-two patients did not have surgery on the brachial plexus, but nine of those patients had subsequent orthopaedic procedures. At the time of follow-up, twenty-seven of the twenty-eight patients had at least antigravity biceps muscle function. Patients who regained biceps muscle function between three and six months of age had better scores for abduction (p = 0.04) and for hand-to-neck (p = 0.05) and hand-to-back (p < 0.001) function than did patients who regained biceps muscle function after six months of age. Patients with a C5-C6 lesion had better scores for external rotation (p = 0.04) and for hand-to-neck (p = 0.05), hand-to-mouth (p < 0.01), and hand-to-back (p < 0.001) function than did patients with a pan-plexus lesion. Twelve (55%) of the twenty-two patients who did not have brachial plexus surgery had a class-IV shoulder (good function) according to the modified Mallet score. Of the twelve patients with a C5-C6 level of injury who did not have brachial plexus surgery, eight had a class-IV shoulder. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicated associations between prolonged neurological recovery and a more extensive level of injury and worse long-term shoulder function. Patients with a C5-C6 injury and absent biceps muscle function at three months of age often have good long-term shoulder function without brachial plexus surgery.     

TRAIL-R as a negative regulator of innate immune cell responses

TRAIL receptor (TRAIL-R) signaling has been implicated in inducing apoptosis in tumor cells, but little is understood about its physiological function. Here, we report the generation and characterization of TRAIL-R(-/-) mice, which develop normal lymphocyte populations but possess enhanced innate immune responses. TRAIL-R(-/-) mice exhibited increased clearance of murine cytomegalovirus that correlated with increased levels of IL-12, IFN-alpha, and IFN-gamma. Stimulation of macrophages with Mycobacterium and Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, -3, and -4, but not TLR9, ligands resulted in high levels of TRAIL upregulation and enhanced cytokine production in TRAIL-R(-/-) cells. The immediate-early TLR signaling events in TRAIL-R(-/-) macrophages and dendritic cells are normal, but I kappa B-alpha homeostatic regulation and NF-kappa B activity at later time points is perturbed. These data suggest that TRAIL-R negatively regulates innate immune responses.     

Self-perceived health among Canadian opiate users: a comparison to the general population and to other chronic disease populations

BACKGROUND: There are an estimated 40,000 to 90,000 injection opiate users in Canada. The social, economic and health consequences of opiate addiction have been well documented. However, there are no data on the self-perceived health status of opiate users in Canada. Therefore, the goal of this research is to gain an understanding of the self-perceived health status of opiate users by comparing the health-related quality of life of opiate users to chronic disease populations and to the general population. METHODS: The SF-36 was administered to a nonrandom sample of 143 opiate users entering low-threshold methadone treatment. Two sample t-tests were performed to assess statistical differences, at a 5% level of significance, between population scores across SF-36 dimensions. RESULTS: Opiate users perceived both their mental and physical health as worse than the general population and individuals with minor and serious medical problems, but comparable to those with diagnosed psychiatric illnesses. CONCLUSIONS: Methadone treatment services should incorporate both primary care and psychiatric care into their programs, or at the very least secure appropriate referral mechanisms to ancillary services to ensure that the health concerns of opiate users are dealt with in the context of their treatment program.     

Quetiapine adjunctive and monotherapy for pediatric bipolar disorder: a retrospective chart review

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the safety and effectiveness of quetiapine for children and adolescents with bipolar disorder when used as monotherapy or in combination with other agents. METHODS: The outpatient medical charts of youths with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-fourth edition (text revision) (DSM-IV-TR) diagnosis of bipolar disorder who were treated with quetiapine were retrospectively reviewed using the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) Scale. RESULTS: Thirty-two patients (mean age, 10.8 +/- 3.9 years) with bipolar disorder, type I (n = 16), type II (n = 10), cyclothymia (n = 2), and bipolar not otherwise specified (NOS) (n = 4) who had been treated (mean duration, 6.1 +/- 5.9 months) openly with quetiapine (mean dose, 397.4 +/- 221.4 mg/day) were identified. Fourteen patients (43.8%) received only quetiapine. No serious adverse events occurred. Response rate (defined by a CGI-Improvement (CGI-I) score of < or =2 at end point) was 80.0% for the entire group and 78.6% for the subgroup who received quetiapine monotherapy. CGI-Severity (CGI-S) scores significantly improved from baseline to end point for both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary results suggest that quetiapine is a safe and effective treatment for both children and adolescents with bipolar disorder when used as monotherapy or in combination with other agents.     

Contextual predictors of mental health service use among children open to child welfare

BACKGROUND: Children involved with child welfare systems are at high risk for emotional and behavioral problems. Many children with identified mental health problems do not receive care, especially ethnic/minority children. OBJECTIVE: To examine how patterns of specialty mental health service use among children involved with child welfare vary as a function of the degree of coordination between local child welfare and mental health agencies. DESIGN: Specialty mental health service use for 1 year after contact with child welfare was examined in a nationally representative cohort of children aged 2 to 14 years. Predictors of service use were modeled at the child/family and agency/county levels. Child- and agency-level data were collected between October 15, 1999, and April 30, 2001. SETTING: Ninety-seven US counties. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 2823 child welfare cases (multiple informants) from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-being and agency-level key informants from the participating counties. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Specialty mental health service use during the year after contact with the child welfare system. RESULTS: Only 28.3% of children received specialty mental health services during the year, although 42.4% had clinical-level Child Behavior Checklist scores. Out-of-home placement, age, and race/ethnicity were strong predictors of service use rates, even after controlling for Child Behavior Checklist scores. Increased coordination between local child welfare and mental health agencies was associated with stronger relationships between Child Behavior Checklist scores and service use and decreased differences in rates of service use between white and African American children. CONCLUSIONS: Younger children and those remaining in their homes could benefit from increased specialty mental health services. They have disproportionately low rates of service use, despite high levels of need. Increases in interagency coordination may lead to more efficient allocation of service resources to children with the greatest need and to decreased racial/ethnic disparities.     

Assessment of patient management skills and clinical skills of practising doctors using computer-based case simulations and standardised patients

CONTEXT: Standardised assessments of practising doctors are receiving growing support, but theoretical and logistical issues pose serious obstacles. OBJECTIVES: To obtain reference performance levels from experienced doctors on computer-based case simulation (CCS) and standardised patient-based (SP) methods, and to evaluate the utility of these methods in diagnostic assessment. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: The study was carried out at a military tertiary care facility and involved 54 residents and credentialed staff from the emergency medicine, general surgery and internal medicine departments. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Doctors completed 8 CCS and 8 SP cases targeted at doctors entering the profession. Standardised patient performances were compared to archived Year 4 medical student data. RESULTS: While staff doctors and residents performed well on both CCS and SP cases, a wide range of scores was exhibited on all cases. There were no significant differences between the scores of participants from differing specialties or of varying experience. Among participants who completed both CCS and SP testing (n = 44), a moderate positive correlation between CCS and SP checklist scores was observed. There was a negative correlation between doctor experience and SP checklist scores. Whereas the time students spent with SPs varied little with clinical task, doctors appeared to spend more time on communication/counselling cases than on cases involving acute/chronic medical problems. CONCLUSION: Computer-based case simulations and standardised patient-based assessments may be useful as part of a multimodal programme to evaluate practising doctors. Additional study is needed on SP standard setting and scoring methods. Establishing empirical likelihoods for a range of performances on assessments of this character should receive priority.