Weighing in on obesity: America's growing health epidemic

On October 31, 2001, Grantmakers In Health (GIH) convened an Issue Dialogue in Washington, DC, on the problem of obesity and its implications for personal and public health. The purpose of this meeting was to help the staff and trustees of health foundations and corporate giving programs understand the nature of today's epidemic and explore ways in which they could play a role in identifying and promoting effective solutions. In addition to discussing the scope and implications of overweight and obesity in the United States, presenters and discussants provided insights into the strategies that grantmakers might want to consider to address this serious health problem. This Issue Brief incorporates the information and ideas shared during the meeting into the background paper which was prepared for participants at the Issue Dialogue. It offers detailed data on the prevalence and growth of overweight and obesity in various populations, discusses their impact on health and the costs of care, reviews the major causes, and suggests strategies for both prevention and treatment. In the context of those strategies, this report also profiles a number of efforts by both grantmakers and government agencies to tackle some of the root causes of this important public health issue.     

Training the health workforce of tomorrow

As part of its continuing mission to serve trustees and staff of health foundations and corporate giving programs, Grantmakers In Health (GIH) convened a small group of grantmakers and national experts concerned about health workforce issues. This roundtable - held on October 31, 2001, in Washington, DC - explored various issues related to the supply, composition, and competency of the health workforce, and the role that these factors play in maintaining and improving the health status of individual patients and broader populations. The session also highlighted the current activities of and future opportunities for foundations.This Issue Brief synthesizes key points from the day's discussion with a background paper prepared for roundtable participants. It includes quantitative and qualitative information on workforce issues and profiles public sector and grantmaker strategies for addressing workforce problems.     

检查前用药可降低乳腺钼钯X线检查中的不适

目的验证乳腺钼钯X线检查前给予对乙酰氨基酚、布洛酚和(或)4%利多卡因凝胶能否减轻检查不适或提高普查中有恐惧感妇女的满意度。方法本前瞻性研究为     

核、膜蛋白的基因能抑制禽类流感病毒及其重组株的繁殖

对人流感病毒A/Udorn/72(H_3N_2)株与禽类流感病毒A/Mallard/NY/78/(H_2N_2)重组后的重组株分析表明,仅含禽类病毒的核蛋白(NP)或膜蛋白(M)的RNA片段的重组株,在松鼠猴的呼吸道繁殖是受限制的。另外。仅有禽类的RNAl和NS基因的重组株(Clone 12)在松鼠猴的气管内的繁殖也明显受限制,而只具有其中一个基因的Clone 9, Clone 2, 则限制就不明显。由此表明,禽类流感病毒的NP和M基因在宿主范围的繁殖限制中起主要作用,而RNAI和SN基因的结合,同样起着繁殖受限制作用。     

用放射性标记微小球方法测定肢体骨组织的血流

本文运用放射性标记微小球方法对成年狗肢体长骨组织进行骨血流的测定。实验结果表明:松质骨血流要比皮质骨血流高出近4倍。皮质骨又可分为内皮质骨和外皮质骨,两者的血流无显著性区别。本文还对微小球在骨组织标本中的数目与测定骨血流准确性之间的关系进行了研究。     

富铬中药制剂和富铬井水对四氧嘧啶糖尿病大鼠模型各种生化指标的影响

目的：观察富铬中药制剂和富铬井水对四氧嘧啶糖尿病大鼠模型血糖及脑、肝抗氧化能力变化．血清各种生化指标的影响，分析铬与糖尿病的关系。方法：实验于2006—07—04／29在右江民族医学院重金属与氟砷毒物研究实验室进行。选用清洁级Wistar大白鼠40只，雄雌不拘，鼠龄60d，以随机数字表法分成4组，即含铬井水组、富铬中药组．模型组、正常组，每组10只。含铬井水组给予含铬井水，每笼5只大鼠上午150mL，下午150mL，自由饮用；富铬中药组用富铬中药制剂（商品名舒糖宝，由荔枝、沙田柚、番石榴等果类提取制成，富含铬元素），按每鼠2mL，加到自来水瓶中，自由饮用每天饮完；模型组和正常组自来水自由饮用。1周后，分别收集尿液，测定各鼠每天尿量、蛋白和尿糖。测定造模前、成模后和治疗结束时血糖含量。连续治疗2周后，麻醉下处死大鼠，取大脑、肝脏在冷冻条件下匀浆，用生理盐水制成100g／L匀浆，检测血清尿素、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、三酰甘油、总胆固醇、肌酐，脑、肝匀浆超氧阴离子自由基、丙二醛、谷胱甘肽、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶含量，比较组间差异。结果：全部大鼠进入结果分析。①含铬井水组、富铬中药组血糖较治疗前明显下降（P〈0．001），模型组下降不明显（P〉0．05）。②含铬井水组血清尿素、肌酐含量高于其他各组（P〈0．05-0．01）；含铬井水组、富铬中药组脑超氧阴离子自由基清除率高于正常组和模型组，含铬井水组、富铬中药组、正常组肝超氧阴离子自由基清除率、肝谷胱甘肽含量均高于模型组，差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05-0．01）。③含铬井水组、富铬中药组、模型组肝丙二醛含量均高于正常组，以模型组最高（P〈0．01）；含铬井水组、富铬中药组、正常组肝谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶低于模型组（P〈0．01），含铬井水组、富铬中药组、正常组3组差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）；④富铬中药组大鼠尿量明显低于模型组（P〈0．05），与正常组差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）；各组血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶活力差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）；正常组尿糖含量明显低于其他3组（P〈0．01）。⑤正常组三酰甘油、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、脑丙二醛含量明显低于其他3组（P〈0．05-0．01），正常组脑谷胱甘肽明显高于其他3组（P〈0．01）。⑥治疗药物富铬中药制剂、富铬井水中铬元素含量明显高于当地自来水和其他井水（P〈0．001）。结论：富铬中药制剂和矿区某井水含丰富铬元素，两者均可明显降低四氧嘧啶糖尿病大鼠模型血糖、三酰甘油水平，提高脑、肝超氧阴离子自由基清除力和抗氧化能力。铬的作用可能是富铬中药制剂的降糖机制之一。     

寻找HLA匹配无关供者概率曲线的计算及其应用

目的　建立在骨髓库中寻找到HLA匹配供者概率曲线P的回归方程式 ,并用于评估骨髓库的最适大小。方法　在哈迪 -温伯格群体中的HLA单体型频率可以从供者表型资料求得。寻找到一个HLA匹配供者的概率可以表示成供者数和HLA单体型频率的函数。使用对数曲线拟合方法推导出该概率曲线的回归方程。结果　笔者推导出在中国人骨髓库中寻找到至少一例HLA -A ,B ,DR抗原全配合供者概率的回归方程式为P =- 0 .6 7+0 .2 5lgN(N为骨髓库中的供者数 ,介于 5万到 1 0 0万 )。在骨髓库供者数达到 75万人时 ,大约 80 %的患者可以找到HLA配合供者。结论　找到HLA配合供者概率取决于骨髓库供者人数的多寡以及HLA单体型频率。HLA群体遗传学资料有助于决定骨髓库的最适大小及其供者成员的组成。