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Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) is a group of diseases that is unique in comprising disorders that can occur sporadically, are hereditary and/or infectious. The transmissible pathogen--the prion--is distinct from all other pathogens in being devoid of nucleic acids. During the elucidation of these disorders, many different--and contradictory--theories have been put forward. Early researchers, mostly driven by the economic impact of these diseases on sheep farming, engaged in heavy disputes concerning heredity vs. infectivity of scrapie. Following the experimental demonstration of scrapie's infectivity during the 20th century, research focused on the characterization of the nature of the transmissible agent. The current work comprehensively summarizes the available early literature on TSE research. A review of the historical literature is presented, describing the efforts in breeding, transmission experiments, and theories about the nature of the infectious agent. 相似文献
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Stine Asferg Petterson Mia Dahl Sørensen Mark Burton Mads Thomassen Torben A. Kruse Signe Regner Michaelsen Bjarne Winther Kristensen 《Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland)》2023,33(1):e13111
Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults with an overall survival of only 14.6 months. Hypoxia is known to play a role in tumor aggressiveness but the influence of hypoxia on the immune microenvironment is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of immune-related proteins in normoxic and hypoxic tumor areas by digital spatial profiling. Tissue samples from 10 glioblastomas were stained with a panel of 40 antibodies conjugated to photo-cleavable oligonucleotides. The free oligo-tags from normoxic and hypoxic areas were hybridized to barcodes for digital counting. Differential expression patterns were validated by Ivy Glioblastoma Atlas Project (GAP) data and an independent patient cohort. We found that CD44, Beta-catenin and B7-H3 were upregulated in hypoxia, whereas VISTA, CD56, KI-67, CD68 and CD11c were downregulated. PD-L1 and PD-1 were not affected by hypoxia. Focusing on the checkpoint-related markers CD44, B7-H3 and VISTA, our findings for CD44 and VISTA could be confirmed with Ivy GAP RNA sequencing data. Immunohistochemical staining and digital quantification of CD44, B7-H3 and VISTA in an independent cohort confirmed our findings for all three markers. Additional stainings revealed fewer T cells and high but equal amounts of tumor-associated microglia and macrophages in both hypoxic and normoxic regions. In conclusion, we found that CD44 and B7-H3 were upregulated in areas with hypoxia whereas VISTA was downregulated together with the presence of fewer T cells. This heterogeneous expression should be taken into consideration when developing novel therapeutic strategies. 相似文献
505.
Naeem Bhojani Kyo Chul Koo Kahina Bensaadi Abdulghafour Halawani Victor KF. Wong Ben H. Chew 《BJU international》2023,132(6):678-685