Related Factors and Clinical Outcomes of Osteosarcopenia: A Narrative Review

Osteopenia/osteoporosis and sarcopenia are common geriatric diseases among older adults and harm activities of daily living (ADL) and quality of life (QOL). Osteosarcopenia is a unique syndrome that is a concomitant of both osteopenia/osteoporosis and sarcopenia. This review aimed to summarize the related factors and clinical outcomes of osteosarcopenia to facilitate understanding, evaluation, prevention, treatment, and further research on osteosarcopenia. We searched the literature to include meta-analyses, reviews, and clinical trials. The prevalence of osteosarcopenia among community-dwelling older adults is significantly higher in female (up to 64.3%) compared to male (8–11%). Osteosarcopenia is a risk factor for death, fractures, and falls based on longitudinal studies. However, the associations between osteosarcopenia and many other factors have been derived based on cross-sectional studies, so the causal relationship is not clear. Few studies of osteosarcopenia in hospitals have been conducted. Osteosarcopenia is a new concept and has not yet been fully researched its relationship to clinical outcomes. Longitudinal studies and high-quality interventional studies are warranted in the future.     

肌骨共病视阈下肌骨共减综合症的生物学机制探究

肌少症和骨质疏松症为常见的衰老性疾病,肌骨共病为肌骨共减综合症提供新的研究基础.肌肉分泌IGF-1、MSTN、OG、OCN、FAM5C、Irisin、FGF-2、IL-6、IL-7、IL-15和MMP-2调节肌骨共减综合症视阈下骨骼质量;骨骼分泌IGF-1、SOST、VEGF、OCN、MGF和HGF调节肌骨共减综合症视...     

肌少-骨质疏松症大鼠模型的建立

目的应用去势联合腹腔注射地塞米松法建立大鼠肌少-骨质疏松症模型并确定本病的评价指标。方法将40只6月龄SPF级雌性SD大鼠随机分为正常组、假手术组、假手术+地米组、去势组、去势+地米组,每组8只。假手术组、假手术+地米组大鼠行假手术,去势组、去势+地米组大鼠行双侧卵巢切除术。术后一周,假手术+地米组、去势+地米组大鼠腹腔注射地塞米松,连续二周。造模后3个月,各组大鼠分别进行抓力测定、全身和股骨全段骨密度测定、骨骼肌质量指数和相对骨骼肌质量指数测定、股骨远端骨微结构测定等,并探讨本病的评价指标。结果①与假手术组相比,假手术+地米组大鼠前肢抓力、骨骼肌质量指数和相对骨骼肌质量指数明显降低。②与假手术组相比,去势组和去势+地米组大鼠前肢抓力、骨骼肌质量指数和相对骨骼肌质量指数明显降低,全身骨密度、股骨全段骨密度、股骨远端骨体积分数、骨表面密度和骨小梁数明显下降,骨小梁分离度明显提高。③与去势组相比,去势+地米组大鼠前肢抓力有下降趋势、骨骼肌质量指数和相对骨骼肌质量指数明显降低。结论去势联合腹腔注射地塞米松法可以建立肌少-骨质疏松症大鼠模型,这种复合造模法具有造模周期短、模型稳定、可操作性强、成本低等优点。大鼠前肢抓力、骨骼肌质量指数和相对骨骼肌质量指数、全身骨密度和股骨骨密度、股骨远端骨微结构等指标可以作为本病的评价指标。     

The Joint Occurrence of Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia (Osteosarcopenia): Definitions and Characteristics

ObjectivesWe sought to examine the associations of osteosarcopenia with physical performance, balance, and falls and fractures in community-dwelling older adults. Additionally, we aimed to determine which clinical outcomes are associated with specific components of osteosarcopenia.DesignCross-sectional study.Setting and Participants253 participants (77% women; aged 77.9 ± 0.42 years) who presented for a falls and fractures risk assessment in Melbourne, Australia.MethodsParticipants were mobile, community-dwelling older adults (≥65 years) free of cognitive impairment. Body composition (via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), physical performance [via Timed Up and Go (TUG) and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB)], and balance [via Four-Square Step test (FSS) and posturography] were examined. Falls in the past year and fractures in the past 5 years were self-reported. Osteosarcopenia was defined as (1) low bone mineral density (BMD) [T score <–1 standard deviation (SD)] combined with sarcopenia and (2) osteoporosis (BMD T score ≤–2.5 SD) combined with severe sarcopenia. For sarcopenia, we employed the criteria of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP1), the revised criteria (EWGSOP2), and that of the Foundation for the National Institutes for Health (FNIH). Kruskal-Wallis and logistic regression tests were used for statistical analysis.ResultsOsteosarcopenia was associated with worse SPPB, TUG, FSS, limit of stability, and falls and fractures history. Additionally, osteosarcopenia (using the severe sarcopenia classification) conferred an increased rate of falls [odds ratios (ORs) from 2.83 to 3.63; P < .05 for all] and fractures (ORs from 3.86 to 4.38; P < .05 for all) when employing the EWGSOP2 and FNIH definitions, respectively.Conclusions and ImplicationsCompared with the nonosteosarcopenic group, those with osteosarcopenia had greater impairment of physical performance and balance. The EWGSOP2 and FNIH criteria resulted in the strongest associations with physical performance and self-reported falls and fractures.     

Osteosarcopenia,an Asymmetrical Overlap of Two Connected Syndromes: Data from the OsteoSys Study

Osteoporosis and sarcopenia are two chronic conditions, which widely affect older people and share common risk factors. We investigated the prevalence of low bone mineral density (BMD) and sarcopenia, including the overlap of both conditions (osteosarcopenia) in 572 older hospitalized patients (mean age 75.1 ± 10.8 years, 78% women) with known or suspected osteoporosis in this prospective observational multicenter study. Sarcopenia was assessed according to the revised definition of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP2). Low BMD was defined according to the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations as a T-score < −1.0. Osteosarcopenia was diagnosed when both low BMD and sarcopenia were present. Low BMD was prevalent in 76% and the prevalence of sarcopenia was 9%, with 90% of the sarcopenic patients showing the overlap of osteosarcopenia (8% of the entire population). Conversely, only few patients with low BMD demonstrated sarcopenia (11%). Osteosarcopenic patients were older and frailer and had lower BMI, fat, and muscle mass, handgrip strength, and T-score compared to nonosteosarcopenic patients. We conclude that osteosarcopenia is extremely common in sarcopenic subjects. Considering the increased risk of falls in patients with sarcopenia, they should always be evaluated for osteoporosis.     

Exercise and Nutrition Impact on Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia—The Incidence of Osteosarcopenia: A Narrative Review

Osteoporosis and sarcopenia are diseases which affect the myoskeletal system and often occur in older adults. They are characterized by low bone density and loss of muscle mass and strength, factors which reduce the quality of life and mobility. Recently, apart from pharmaceutical interventions, many studies have focused on non-pharmaceutical approaches for the prevention of osteoporosis and sarcopenia with exercise and nutrition to being the most important and well studied of those. The purpose of the current narrative review is to describe the role of exercise and nutrition on prevention of osteoporosis and sarcopenia in older adults and to define the incidence of osteosarcopenia. Most of the publications which were included in this review show that resistance and endurance exercises prevent the development of osteoporosis and sarcopenia. Furthermore, protein and vitamin D intake, as well as a healthy diet, present a protective role against the development of the above bone diseases. However, current scientific data are not sufficient for reaching solid conclusions. Although the roles of exercise and nutrition on osteoporosis and sarcopenia seem to have been largely evaluated in literature over the recent years, most of the studies which have been conducted present high heterogeneity and small sample sizes. Therefore, they cannot reach final conclusions. In addition, osteosarcopenia seems to be caused by the effects of osteoporosis and sarcopenia on elderly. Larger meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials are needed designed based on strict inclusion criteria, in order to describe the exact role of exercise and nutrition on osteoporosis and sarcopenia.     

骨质疏松与肌少症之间的关系

骨质疏松和肌少症这两种慢性疾病有共同的危险因素和病理生理途径,均好发于老年人和绝经后的女性,且常常伴随出现,严重影响老年人的生活质量。因此,对骨质疏松和肌少症之间联系的探索,以及对两种疾病进行联合评估十分重要。本文将对骨骼与肌肉以及骨质疏松症与肌少症之间的关系进行综述,以期为临床骨骼肌肉疾病的诊断和治疗提供方向。     

长链非编码RNA在肌少-骨质疏松症中调控作用的展望

随着人口老龄化程度的加剧,与增龄有关的肌肉骨骼系统疾病正在严重威胁老年人的身体健康和生活质量。其中,肌少-骨质疏松症是老年人中常见的肌骨协同退变疾病,易导致老年人跌倒、骨折、甚至不同程度的残疾。近年来,不断有证据表明长链非编码RNA（lncRNA）在骨骼和肌肉的基因表达中扮演了重要角色。因此,本文通过梳理lncRNAs在肌少-骨质疏松症中的调控作用和最新发现,探讨lncRNAs有望成为未来诊治肌少-骨质疏松症的新靶点和新途径。     

基于网络药理学探讨黄芪治疗肌少——骨质疏松症的作用机制＊

目的 利用网络药理学研究黄芪治疗肌少-骨质疏松症的作用机制。方法 首先借助TCMSP分析平台、GeneCards数据库和OMIM数据库,分别筛选中药活性成分、中药靶标、肌少症疾病靶标和骨质疏松症疾病靶标,将肌少症疾病靶标和骨质疏松症疾病靶标取交集,得到肌少-骨质疏松症疾病靶标。将中药靶标与肌少-骨质疏松症疾病靶标取交集,得到中药-疾病靶标并构建中药-疾病-靶标调控网络。然后通过构建中药-疾病共同靶标的蛋白互作网络,筛选核心靶标基因。最后将中药-疾病共同靶标进行GO功能富集分析和KEGG通路富集分析,得出中药-疾病共同靶标相关的信号通路。结果 筛选得到黄芪治疗肌少-骨质疏松症的20个活性成分和10个中药-疾病共同靶标,并推断其作用机制可能与催乳素信号通路、内分泌失调信号通路、雌激素信号通路、乳腺癌信号通路、类风湿性关节炎信号通路、Toll样受体信号通路、胰岛素抵抗信号通路、肿瘤坏死因子信号通路等有关。结论 基于网络药理学探讨了黄芪治疗肌少-骨质疏松症的作用靶标及信号通路,为中药单体开发提供了理论依据。     

肌肉骨骼减少症干预进展

肌肉骨骼减少症比单纯的骨质疏松或肌少症更容易造成跌倒、骨折风险增加、生活质量下降等不良预后,因此探索安全有效的干预措施非常必要。而目前针对该综合征的干预措施的总结仍较少,部分干预还处于研究阶段。该综述针对肌肉骨骼减少症总结了目前和未来可能的干预治疗手段。