Dissociation of GFAP intermediate filaments in EAE: observations in the lumbar spinal cord

Acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the Lewis rat is a cell-mediated autoimmune disease of central nervous system myelin. The lesion has been characterized by breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, edema, and periventricular infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes. At the early stage of the disease, the astrocytes show a marked increase in immunostaining for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). A corresponding increase in GFAP content, however, cannot be demonstrated. Electron microscopic examination of the early lesion shows a typical reactive astrocytic response expressed by an enlarged watery cytoplasm, particularly at the level of the processes surrounding neurons and blood vessels and in the neuropil itself. The astroglial processes contain numerous glycogen particles (aggregates and single particles). Glial filaments are also conspicuous and are arranged in small bundles or loose thin filaments adjacent to the bundles. The glial filaments that normally appear as tight bundles have expanded and appear less dense. We suggest that the increase in GFAP immunostaining of the astrocytes in the early lesion is due in part to edema, which causes dissociation of the filaments and thereby exposes more antigenic sites to the antibodies.     

腹腔镜治疗腹腔巨大囊肿及术后下身水肿处理(附5例报告)

目的探讨腹腔镜处理腹腔巨大囊肿及术后下身水肿的方法. 方法 5例腹腔巨大囊肿先行囊肿抽液(1 500～2 000 ml,平均1 800 ml)减压,2例巨大肝囊肿采用经皮穿刺抽液,3例下腹腔囊肿在脐缘小切口直视下抽液,使腹腔空间增大后行腹腔镜下囊肿切除(3例)或开窗引流(2例).对术后出现的下身水肿口服(2例)或静脉注射(3例)利尿剂. 结果 4例术后症状完全消失,1例多囊肝症状明显改善.随访3个月～1年,症状无复发.下身水肿均在5～7 d内基本消失. 结论先行囊肿抽液减压及术后应用小剂量利尿剂可使腹腔巨大囊肿能在腹腔镜下顺利处理并恢复.     

Correlation between the degree of contrast enhancement and the volume of peritumoral edema in meningiomas and malignant gliomas

Peritumoral edema and contrast enhancement of brain tumors are both thought to be due to breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB); however, the exact mechanism by which these two phenomena occur and whether there is a quantitative or etiological relationship is not known. Our purpose was to determine whether the relationship between the breakdown of the BBB, defined radiologically as the degree of contrast enhancement, and the volume of surrounding edema is different for high-grade gliomas and meningiomas. We analyzed 13 meningiomas and 23 gliomas. A direct linear relationship between the degree of contrast enhancement (dC) and volume of peritumoral edema (V) with a high correlation coefficient (R = 0.66, P = 0.0006) was established for gliomas. A mathematical relationship between dC and V could not be established for meningioma. The findings for gliomas offer indirect radiological evidence that the defect in the BBB which causes edema is quantitatively and etiologically related to the defect in the BBB responsible for contrast enhancement. For meningiomas, the lack of a relationship between dC and V implies either that the mechanisms responsible for formation of edema and contrast enhancement are fundamentally different or that a physical barrier in certain meningiomas limits propagation of edema into the adjacent white matter. Received: 4 March 1999 Accepted: 18 March 1999     

穿地龙对胶原诱发性关节炎关节肿胀率和病理改变作用的研究

目的　探讨穿地龙对胶原诱导的大鼠关节炎 (CIA)大鼠关节肿胀率和病理改变的作用。方法　用Wistar大鼠建立CIA动物模型 ,用穿地龙水煎剂从造模开始立即灌胃给药 ,时间为 6周 ,用水溶积置换法测量 3周、6周时非注射侧踝关节肿胀率 ,并用苏木素 伊红 (HE)染色方法 ,观察非注射侧踝关节病理组织学改变 ,并进行病理组织学评分。结果　穿地龙水煎剂可减轻CIA大鼠踝关节肿胀率和改善踝关节的病理状态。结论　穿地龙水煎剂对CIA大鼠有治疗作用     

Inhibition of hemorrhagic and edematogenic activities of snake venoms by a broad-spectrum protease inhibitor, murinoglobulin; the effect on venoms from five different genera in Viperidae family.

In order to obtain basic data on the effect of broad-spectrum protease inhibitor against local symptoms of Viperidae snake envenomation, inhibitory capacity of rat murinoglobulin on local hemorrhagic and edematogenic activities of venoms from Crotalus atrox, Bothrops jararaca, Lachesis muta muta, Trimeresurus flavoviridis and Echis carinatus sochureki were examined. Murinoglobulin, pre-incubated with the crude venoms at 37 degrees C for 15 min, inhibited hemorrhagic activity of all five venoms to various extents. The activity of C. atrox was almost completely inhibited at the murinoglobulin/venom ratio (w/w) of 20. The activity of B. jararaca, Lachesis muta muta and T. flavoviridis venoms was considerably inhibited at the ratio of 20 (77.2, 80.0 and 86.2% inhibition, respectively), however some of the activity still remained even at the ratio of 40 (84.2, 79.8 and 86.2% inhibition, respectively). Among the five venoms, E. c. sochureki venom is quite resistant to murinoglobulin treatment and statistically significant inhibition was only found at the ratio of 40 (64.1% inhibition). Fibrinolytic and gelatinase activities were more susceptible to murinoglobulin inhibition. The treatment at the ratios of 10 and 20 almost completely inhibited respectively the fibrinolytic and the gelatinase activities of all the venoms. Murinoglobulin treatment also significantly inhibited the edematogenic activity of L. muta muta, T. flavoviridis and Echis carinatus sochureki. The treatment of murinoglobulin at the ratio of 40 considerably suppressed the swelling up to 60 min after subcutaneous injection of L. muta muta and E. c. sochureki venoms, and up to 30 min after T. flavoviridis venom injection. Murinoglobulin is a potent inhibitor against local effects of multiple snake venoms in Viperidae family.     

乳腺癌根治术加放射治疗后上肢并发症的临床分析

目的了解乳腺癌根治手术加放射治疗患者上肢并发症的发病情况及其影响因素。方法对于接受根治或改良根治术后加放射治疗且放射治疗后已超过1年(中位数2.8年)的74例乳腺癌患者,从症状和体征两个方面进行了观测,并应用多因素回归分析相关的发病因素。结果患者上肢水肿的发生率在症状和体征检查中均约为50%,肩关节功能下降分别为49%和58%,患者年龄和全腋窝照射是发生上肢水肿与肩关节运动障碍的独立影响因素。结论上肢水肿和肩关节运动障碍是乳腺癌根治性手术加放射治疗后较常见的并发症,腋窝处理中减少正常组织的损伤以预防或降低其发生率,应该予以高度重视。     

Anti-inflammatory effect of O-methylated flavonol 2-(3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-3,5-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-chromen-4-one obtained from Cassia sophera Linn in rats

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Cassia sophera Linn (Family Caesalpiniaceae), popularly known as kasundi, is used both in the Indian traditional system and folk medicine to treat several inflammatory pathologies such as asthma, arthritis and pains. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the scientific basis of anti-inflammatory activity of Cassia sophera ethanol extracts and of an isolated constituent of Cassia sophera.

Materials and methods

The anti-inflammatory activity of Cassia sophera was studied using the carrageenan, dextran induced rat paw edema, and cotton pellet induced granuloma in rats. The ethanol extract was administered at the concentrations of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight whereas rhamnetin (RN) was administered at a dose of 10 and 15 mg/kg, b.w. Indomethacin was used as standard drug.

Results

The HPLC analysis revealed that good amounts of rhamnetin (0.18%) was present in Cassia sophera.The ethanol extracts at 400 mg/kg, showed maximum inhibition of inflammation induced by carrageenan (44%), dextran (40%), cotton pellets (37.47%). On the other hand rhamnetin (15 mg/kg) exhibited maximum anti-inflammatory effect, that is 79 and 33% at the end of 3 h with carrageenin, and dextran-induced rat paw edema, respectively. In a chronic test rhamnetin (15 mg/kg) showed 43.32% reduction in granuloma weight.

Conclusion

The marked inhibitory effect on paw edema and granuloma showed that Cassia sophera possess remarkable anti-inflammatory activity which may be due to rhamnetin at least in part, supporting the folkloric usage of the plant to treat various inflammatory diseases.     

中药丹参、川芎嗪防治脑缺血实验研究

目的：研究丹参、川芎嗪对沙土鼠脑缺血及脑水肿的作用。方法：将120只沙土鼠分为6组,分别给药,处死后即刻称量脑重,与体重相比计算出脑指数。部分样本取脑,进行石蜡包埋、切片、HE染色处理,然后进行病理观察。结果：静脉给药组的生存时间延长,脑指数降低。沙土鼠静脉注射伊文兰后,毛细血管通透性明显降低,与对照组相比有显著性差异。病理检查发现,给药组沙土鼠脑组织缺血的病理变化较轻。结论：丹参及川芎嗪能抑制脑内毛细血管通透性升高,对沙土鼠的脑缺血具有预防及治疗作用。     

黄元御“一气周流”与慢性肾功能衰竭

黄元御《四圣心源》从天人合一角度,归纳"左路木火升发,右路金水敛降,中焦土气斡旋"的"一气周流"理论模型,切中人体生理本质,理论与临床结合,执简驭繁,举纲张目;"一气"乃人体内浑然一体之土气,即脾胃之气,人体与天地一样"阴阳肇基,爰有祖气",祖气亦分阴阳,阴阳之间是谓中气,即脾胃之气。慢性肾功能衰竭临床证候复杂多样,病机变化多端,大致归为水寒、土湿、木郁,尤以水寒土湿为根本;一气不能正常周流出现各种不同症状表现,脾肾阳虚日久,必然阳损及阴,肝郁而生热,灼湿成痰化瘀,使一气周流更加郁滞,临证诊治应重中气脾土,根据四维升降辨治,使水暖、土干、木达的同时,结合具体情况灵活处理,修复源头加处理显现情况,帮助一气运转起来,使中气运动、四维轮转、清浊复位、阴阳既济,从而达到土枢四象、一气周流的目的。从"一气周流"入手,探析慢性肾衰病机,可有效指导临床辨治,为临床辨治慢性肾衰提供新思路。