The theory of Rational Addiction

The Theory of Rational Addictions, by Gary Becker & Kevin Murphy (1988), was a rational choice model that became a standard tool for economists modeling addictive behavior. The approach differs from other theories of addiction by modeling addictive behavior as the gradual implementation of a rational, forward‐looking plan, where consumption at any point in time is partly motivated by the immediate payoff of consumption and partly by the effects this consumption has on the individual in the future. This makes addictive behavior a subset of rational behavior, requiring no more specific government policies or attention than any other consumption choice. Later work by economists extended the theory in different ways, allowing it to match an increasing number of consumption patterns, and searched for ways to test the forward‐looking assumption in different types of market data. While the work was successful as a contribution to rational choice theory, with possible statistical applications, there are several reasons to dismiss its usefulness as an explanation of real‐world addictive behavior and its ability to assess the welfare effects of addictions.     

1040例在院病人抗生素一日使用调查报告

目的了解住院病人抗生素使用情况。方法采用横断面调查的方法时我院2005年7月27日所有住院病人抗生素使用情况进行调查。结果抗生素日使用率为34．81％（304／1040），治疗用抗生素占39．67％（144／363），预防用占16．25％（59／363），治疗＋预防占44．08％（160／363），抗生素单用和二联占95．04％（344／363），三联及以上者4．96％（18／363），抗生素日使用种类47种，病原体送检率7．57％（23／304）。结论我院抗生素日使用率不高，抗生素联合使用总体较好，但仍有病原送检率低、抗生素使用品种多、起点高、部分囤术期抗生素预防用药的时机不合理等现象，建议加强宣传教育力度，提高监测速度和指导医师合理用药。     

102例海洛因依赖患者者戒毒出院后复吸原因分析

对１０２例海洛因依赖患者戒毒出院后操守时间及复吸原因进行分析，发现复吸原因主要与精神依赖及对精神依赖的错误认识等有关，用药维持治疗可明显操守时间．提出在戒毒出院后应采用象治疗神经症或精神病那样的方法来长期维持治疗。     

重视药物利用评价研究,开展药物利用评价活动

药物利用评价是当前医院合理用药的深入发展的重要体现,也是临床药学的重要工作之一。本文论述了药物利用评价的目的、意义、方法和进展,以及药物利用评价在医院药房中的应用,以期引起有关人员的重视。     

海洛因依赖80例临床资料分析

本文对首次住院的８０例海洛因依赖者的临床资料进行分析。男性７２例，女性８例，无职业者４０％。个体户占３５％，工人占２４％，初中文化者占８５％。入院前滥用毒麻药品现象较严重。停止使用海洛因后均出现典型的戒断症状，精神依赖很强。使用丁丙诺啡替代递减疗法近期效果满意。住院期间偷吸毒品现象严重，复吸率极高。     

门诊抗菌药物使用调查

目的了解医院门诊抗菌药物应用情况，为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供依据。方法抽查2006年1月至11月份门诊处方18163张，统计抗菌药物使用情况，并评价其合理性。结果含抗菌药物处方5809张，占总处方数31．98％。头孢菌素类药物使用率最高，其次为喹诺酮类。给药途径主要为口服给药。结论抗菌药物应用基本合理，但使用中存在一些问题，应引起重视。     

Role of noradrenergic hyperactivity in neonatal opiate abstinence

Despite the existence of a well-defined abstinence syndrome in offspring of opiate-dependent mothers, the mechanisms involved in neonatal abstinence remain unclear. The goal of the present study was to determine the contribution of noradrenergic neurons in the opiate abstinence syndrome in neonatal rats (10 days old). First, the ability of the α2-adrenergic agonist, clonidine to attenuate the symptoms of neonatal opiate abstinence precipitated by naloxone was determined. Secondly, the activity of noradrenergic neurons was determined by measuring postmortem levels of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) in the hypothalamus, hippocampus and cortex in opiate-abstinent pups. Neonatal opiate abstinence was characterized by an increased incidence of wall climbing, tremors and mouthing. Acute treatment with morphine and naloxone in chronic saline-treated pups also produced the tremor, albeit less severe than in pups treated chronically with morphine. Clonidine (0.2 mg/kg) attenuated the expression of tremor and mouthing in neonates, but increased wall climbing. Clonidine elicited wall climbing in opiate-naive neonates. Treatment with morphine followed by naltrexone increased MHPG levels in all of the brain areas examined, irrespective of the chronic treatment, but naltrexone treatment elicited a larger increase in MHPG levels in pups treated chronically with morphine. Acute morphine treatment increased MHPG levels only in the hypothalamus. The results of the present study provide behavioral and neurochemical data supporting the hypothesis that noradrenergic hyperactivity plays a role in neonatal opiate abstinence.     

金锁匙口服液药效学及毒性研究

通过对金锁匙口服液的药效学及毒性的研究表明：本品能明显抑制吗啡依赖性小白鼠停药后的跳跃反应，协同戊巴比妥钠催眠作用，提高小鼠热板法痛阈值，抑制醋酸引起的小鼠扭体反应，提示金锁匙口服液对吗啡类成瘾患者有一定的治疗作用，毒理研究表明；本品服用无药物依赖性、安全、无毒。     

重视合理用药 提高药物疗效

目的:提高合理用药的意识,促进临床用药向安全、合理、高效、经济的目标发展。方法:结合临床实际,对用药的过程和结果进行分析讨论。结果:通过用药现状分析,证明不合理用药现象广泛存在。结论:合理用药应引起高度重视,以减少药物不良反应的发生,发挥药物的最佳疗效。